Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Management accounting - Essay Example On the basis of this,the budget allocation needs require to be constantly updated (Govindarajan& Shank, 1992). This report will discuss the descriptive and reflective requirement of the formal budgeting process. This has become a necessity of the business because of the increasing volatility. The budgets need to be allocated accordingly so that the benefits can be acquired. The businesses irrespective of their sizes require maintaining their budgets appropriately. With the budgeting processes,the businesses control and determine the tools through which the profits and the bonuses can be allocated within the business. The objective of budget allocation is that the companies can ensure that the financial stability is maintained and with this it also prevents the budgets from becoming negative. In the large businesses,the budgeting process has the highest priority. On the basis of this,the organizations manage their operations. The strategic managers set the goals and on the basis of finance available they allocate the budgets of accomplishing the required tasks. Once the budget is approved it becomes a road map and on the basis of this the future development is planned and structured. The budget development requires that the strategy which is approved by the strategic managers is delivered to the workforce and that they understand what the organization wants from them. The most essential use of the plan is allocation of resources and keeping the workforce prepared against the opportunities and barriers. The budgeting process can be divided into two subcategories. Theseare the traditional and zero based budgets. In the traditional budgets,the analysis is done on the basis of historical modifications and projections. All these are established on the basis of inflation and the growth rate. In the zero based budget a completely new budget is created, and all the capital is raised separately.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Early Childhood Education Essay Children are our future. This explains to you, the reader, why I chose to dive into the career path of Early Childhood Education. In this essay I will explain to you what the job of an early Childhood professional is, what training they need and what standards they are expected to maintain. These are all important facts in becoming an Early Childhood professional. First of all, what is the job of an Early Childhood professional? Well, their job is to nourish the growth of children, support families, and work closely with coworkers. Their work with children begins before the first child arrives, and continues until after the last child leaves. Early Childhood educators spend a lot of time with not only the children, but with the families of the children. The book, Who Am I in the Lives of Children states that young children cannot be separated from the context of their homes, so relating to and working with families is an important part of the role of the Early Childhood educator. If your not a people person, this job may not be for you. Educators provide a safe and secure environment for the children, allowing them to grow and blossom into an independent child, with a personality of their own. Early Childhood education may take a number of faces including family childcare providers and nannies, teacher aides or teacher assistants, assistant teachers or assistant care givers, teachers or care givers, master teachers or head teachers and lastly, directors. Members of this field share a mission, commitment and set of values. Also, they have agreed on standards, in the form of a code of ethics. In one single day, an Early Childhood professional may function as a teacher, friend, secretary, parent, colleague, nurse, janitor, counselor, entertainer, and a diplomat. Second of all, what training are Early Childhood professionals expected to have? Well, paraphrasing from the book, Who Am I in the Lives of Children, the training and experience required will be determined by program licensing. Requirements vary from state to state. In some states being in good health and having a diploma are all that is necessary. Most states require that teachers and care givers in center based programs be qualified for their jobs through training, either by having a college degree, or a CDA credential(Child Development Associate). From what I know you need approximately 12 units of ECE training to go into the field of Early Childhood education. Lastly, what standards are Early Childhood professionals expected to maintain? I think the core values of early childhood education are very important to maintain. These core values are: appreciating childhood as a unique a valuable stage of the human life cycle basing our work with children on knowledge of child development appreciating and supporting the close ties between the child and the family recognizing that children are best understood in the context of family, culture and society Respecting the dignity, worth and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member and colleague) Helping children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust, respect and positive reguard. The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct is also important is the field of Early Childhood education. (A copy of the code is found in the appendix of, Who Am I in the Lives of Children) These two things are important because young children are vulnerable and lack the power to defend themselves. In conclusion, when people say that you just babysit kids they are wrong. Being an Early Childhood professional is a very important job. You are helping shape and raise our futures leaders.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

I Hate Needles :: Personal Narrative

I Hate Needles    Dr. Ross’ comments: As part of our study of American Literature, my class and I explore the continuing theme of â€Å"connection to community† as revealed by the writers. I also offer my students bonus points for performing a community service and writing about their own â€Å"connection to community† as discovered through their act of service. This student chose to donate blood and writes a surprisingly delightful description of her experience. She humorously finds her own good connections. I hate needles. That doesn’t come as a shock to most people who know me. I’m a wuss. I have a fairly long list of phobias, but needles rank right up there at the top. I once read somewhere that public speaking is the number one fear of most Americans. Coming in a not-so-close second place was death. So the way I interpret that statistic, that must mean that at a funeral, most people would rather be in the casket than giving the eulogy. That’s pretty shocking. So what does this have to do with my fear of needles, you may ask? Not much. I just figured that since this paper is for extra credit, I can pretty much write whatever I want and not have to worry about getting a bad grade for being creative, so I just thought I’d throw that in there for giggles and make it a little more entertaining. But it actually does tie in. Can you guess what the third-ranking fear of most Americans is? Needles. (Okay, not really. I made all that up, but I hear t hat 90% of all statistics are made up anyway, so I guess it is possible that I could’ve read that somewhere.) So I’m terrified of needles, but they say that what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger, and I am certainly banking on that to be true every time I go to the Blood Center to donate blood, which is about every two months. I don’t like it, but it’s just such a good thing to do. I used to give whenever they would come around in those buses, but I stopped doing that after my first visit to the Blood Center. I discovered that you get much more individual attention when you go to the Blood Center at about seven o’clock on a Thursday night.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Management Challenges and Concerns Report Essay

HR planning is the method that management figures out how you can move companies forward from its present setting to the end possible arrangement. Powerful preparation effectiveness will lead to the organizational direction developing the correct types and correct amount of people doing work that result in the employee along with the business having optimum long running advantages. Establishing purposes and following through by creating and executing plans for example staffing, appraising, coaching, and compensating to make sure that individuals with all the right features and abilities are accessible when and where the company requires them. A significant purpose of human resources preparation is enabling company effectiveness. HR sections should assess data that might need to direct any age categories for potential years. Businesses should know what way they’re headed. Demographic places likewise have consequences for handling human resources. Certainly one of the very most affecting difficulties for the resolution of business dilemmas is the quality of the man hired to function as the HR supervisor or specialist. For any HR member of staff, the degree of the human-resource employee has to be beyond reproach. The obligations of the HRM are really so huge simply because they reach every division inside the business. Centered on this, the HR staff needs to be certified and proficient. Not only does the HR employee from clerk to supervisor must be a communicator but additionally a great listener. As mentioned by Alvin Chan, with all the escalation in rivalry, locally or internationally, organizations must be adaptable, resilient, agile, and client-centered to triumph (2011). There are numerous facets to each HR job position, all which have to be nearly flawless. A business might have many legal conformity problems that the HR division has to resolve. The human resources problems are extremely complicated when it has to do using a sophisticated work business. Most companies exclusively employ one man as the HRM or professional who has to cope with benefits and payment, human resources management, labor relations, training, and legal problems. The EEOC is involved in over 81,000 instances of prices for different kinds of discrimination. Harassment of race and sex are filed most frequently. The turn-over of employee lends itself to wrongful-termination circumstances. The unsurpassed path would be to ensure  with employee practices liability insurance (EPLI), which defends an employee’s lawsuit. Conformity with ordinances is one the largest difficulties happening in work places. This occurs more regularly in small businesses than bigger due to the employee turnover in employees in smaller businesses. It’s a larger issue having a recently formed business or business as a result of the inexperience with national and state ordinances. A solution to the issue would be to employ a third party to maintain the company awareness of exactly what the rules and ordinances are or to keep the owner apprised of the modifications. Companies have altered the way they conduct business and provide a challenge for HRM to stay on top of. As with all the changes come new rules, laws and policies that HRM have to monitor and abide by. Numerous businesses have started to divide its human resources department into more specific subdivisions to help ensure they are still in compliance of new and old guidelines. References Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2007). Managing human resources (14th ed.). Cengage Learning. Chan, A. (2011). The Challenges of Human Resource Management. Retrieved from http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Alvin_Chan Dreher, G. F., & Dougherty, T. W.(2001). Human resource strategy: A behavioral perspective for the general manager (1st ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Mello, J. A.(2006). Strategic human resource management (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Weight Loss Intervention Programs Health And Social Care Essay

Outline: This is a 5 page project- APA format, discoursing weight loss intercession plans for rural African American adult females. The plan assess rural African American adult females of age group 45- 60 with an purpose of developing and implementing weight loss care preparation plan for the group. It so develops, implements and evaluates the plan. The paper relies on 4 beginnings. Weight Loss Maintenance Training Program for Rural African American Women Aged 45-60 Rationale of the Undertaking Rural African American adult females are disproportionally affected by fleshiness and are at hazard of many diseases that are accelerated by fleshiness. Weight loss and care is the cardinal solution to this job ( Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Johnson, 2000 ) . Surveies have shown that despite the fact that 70 % of African American adult females want to lose weight, merely 50 % are actively seeking to lose weight and that African American adult females practically lose less weight than other cultural groups ( Mack, Anderson, Galuska, Zablotsky, Holtzman and Ahluwalia, 2000 ) .Studies have farther shown that such adult females engage in weight loss methods for shorter periods of clip. ( Ard, Rosati and Oddone, 2000 ) observes that there is great demand to increase apprehension of weight loss care among African American adult females, usage evocation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight l oss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females aged 40- 60 Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance for Rural African- American Women Care of weight loss among rural African Americans is of import because organic structure weight is a factor in etiology and direction of many diseases for which fleshiness and corpulence are lending factors such as diabetes and its complications. Weight decrease contributes to reduced insulin opposition, a decrease in impaired glucose tolerance and accordingly a better direction of diabetic complications ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Anderson, et Al ( 1997 ) further indicates that surveies measuring organic structure form, size and organic structure satisfaction have shown that rural African American adult females prefer larger organic structures than those preferred by white adult females and besides, rural African American adult females have significantly big organic structures than their white opposite numbers. In these surveies, African- American adult females thought of their big organic structure sizes to be more attractive to the opposite sex and healthier than age matched white adult females. It is clear from these surveies that African- American adult females had more positive perceptual experiences of their big organic structures and were less likely to lose and keep weight loss because they considered dieting patterns as harmful patterns related to binge-eating syndrome and anorexia. Lieberman et Al, ( 2003 ) clearly shows that aged rural African American adult females were 0.6 times every bit likely to experience guilty after gorging, 0.4 seasonably as likely to diet and 2.5 times every bit likely to be satisfied with their weight and 2.7 times every bit likely to see themselves attractive. In a big sample of aged adult females, 40 % of corpulence and corpulent African – American adult females were aged 25- 64 and they considered themselves to be really attractive or attractive. It has besides been established that African American adult females who are overweight selected a desirable organic structure size that is significantly smaller than they perceived their current size to be ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Based on these surveies, it is of import for fleshiness intervention plans to see cognitive facet and organic structure image perceptual experiences in their design of effectual weight loss and weight loss care intercessions. This forms the footing of this plan. Undertaking Plan This undertaking is designed to make consciousness of weight loss care to rural African – American adult females. The plan marks adult females of ages 40-60 and will be implemented throughout different selected local community centres in two Florida rural communities to guarantee that a broad population is covered. The plan will be implemented by societal wellness workers, who will develop selected 20 African- American adult females from each of the two Florida rural communities chosen on importance of weight loss care utilizing elicitation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight loss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females. The trained adult females will so develop other African- American adult females of ages 40 – 60. This plan will last for a period of 16 months, including 8 moths rating period, whereby selected participants will be evaluated on the footing of their wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Undertaking Execution The plan seeks to educate the selected group on significance of weight loss care and its benefits. Trainers will actively affect selected group in treatments on fleshiness, weight loss and care of weight loss in order to understand their perceptual experiences on this subject before educating them on wellness hazards and dangers associated with fleshiness and corpulence, while doing usage of practical illustrations. During the preparation, perceptual experiences of organic structure size in older rural African- American adult females in two rural Florida communities will be assessed through web sampling. Ten persons in their 40 ‘s, ten in their 50 ‘s and ten in their 60 ‘s will be chosen to take part in 8 month rating of place direction schemes for weight loss care. The survey will measure wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Photographs of participants will be taken to measure organic structure images. Body images will be presented in four sets of exposure enlarged or reduced in size utilizing an anamorphic lens to find if the organic structure weight will be above or below the desirable weight based on consensus of geriatric doctors. The weight classs will be classified as really thin, thin, normal, corpulent and really corpulent. Participants will be asked to depict these images, based on 12 properties, viz. : attracti on, wellness, organic structure size, cooking ability, likeliness of high blood pressure, politeness, success, felicity, desirable organic structure size, worrying behaviour and friendliness. By actively affecting members of selected group, trainers will discourse current behaviour, beliefs and misconceptions that have contributed to big per centums of corpulent and fleshy instances among rural African American adult females and come up with a manner frontward through active engagement of both the trainers and the group being trained to develop a questionnaire that can be used for single appraisal of weight loss care to guarantee efficiency and success of the full undertaking. Undertaking Evaluation Undertakings success will be evaluated based on informations obtained during 8 moths single rating. Using photographic organic structure images, each of the 12 properties will be assessed to give per centum of those who will hold maintained their organic structure weight loss throughout the plan. Teaching and Learning Principles Used In implementing this undertaking, trainers bear in head that grownups are independent and self directed. They will therefore put the persons being trained free to direct themselves. Trainers will actively affect members in larning procedure and service as facilitators for them. Trainers will let participants to presume duty for presentations and group leading. Facilitators besides understand that participants have accumulated a foundation of life experiences and cognition, and will therefore demand to link this preparation to participants knowledge and see base. Trainers will bear in head that they are covering with a group of grownups, who are end and relevance oriented and must clearly see the ground for this plan. Trainers will hence hold to do this acquisition applicable to existent life state of affairss of the group Undertaking Evaluation Upon completion of the undertaking, its success will be evaluated, based on the undermentioned standards: . . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and tendencies in fleshiness among US grownups, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002 ; 288 ( 14 ) :1723-7. Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ. Culturally-sensitive weight loss plan produces important decrease in weight, blood force per unit area, and cholesterin in eight hebdomads. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 ; 92 ( 11 ) :5 ANDERSON, L. A. , G. R. JANES, D. C. ZIEMER, L. S. PHILLIPS, Diabetes Educ. , 23 ( 1997 ) 301. L. S. Lieberman et Al. : Body Image in Women with NIDDM, Coll. Antropol. 27 ( 2003 ) 1: 79-86 Sites hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219715/

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Fear In Things Fall Apart

Societal Associations with Fear Throughout Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, we see an underlying theme of weakness, the abhorrence of those who are weak, and the pride that comes from being strong. In a society that requires a certain amount of strength for survival, this attribute is not to be taken lightly. However, as a society becomes more â€Å"civilized† and requires its people to not need the same type of strength, why is it that we still place an inordinate amount of importance on the idea that might makes right? It is this underlying theme that jumped out to me from the novel. Why in present society is it so important to be the strongest? Things Fall Apart takes place at a crucial time with reference to this question. We bear witness to Okonkwo, a man who puts the utmost importance in strength, at the tale end of a society that requires it. As his community transitions into a colonized society, he feels he lacked the strength to preserve his way of life and as a result, feels weak. It is this importance placed on strength that I wish to talk about. In present society how many people each day let themselves be pushed around and as a result lead very sad and often suicidal lives? Okonkwo ends his life at the culmination of the book for a number of reasons. He has lost the respect of his tribesmen, he has lost his family, his land, his honor and most importantly, he feels he has lost the town. Pride possesses Okonkwo’s every fiber. He was once the greatest wrestler in nine villages, he has five skulls from battle and he has risen above his station. He has reason for pride. He claims that the reason for his success is the strength that he has. However, as we read the book, it becomes remarkably clear that Okonkwo’s strength is driven by fear and as a result is not the hero we suspect. Okonkwo was perpetually terrified that he was going to lose: lose his money, his crops, and his respect. He const... Free Essays on Fear In Things Fall Apart Free Essays on Fear In Things Fall Apart Societal Associations with Fear Throughout Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, we see an underlying theme of weakness, the abhorrence of those who are weak, and the pride that comes from being strong. In a society that requires a certain amount of strength for survival, this attribute is not to be taken lightly. However, as a society becomes more â€Å"civilized† and requires its people to not need the same type of strength, why is it that we still place an inordinate amount of importance on the idea that might makes right? It is this underlying theme that jumped out to me from the novel. Why in present society is it so important to be the strongest? Things Fall Apart takes place at a crucial time with reference to this question. We bear witness to Okonkwo, a man who puts the utmost importance in strength, at the tale end of a society that requires it. As his community transitions into a colonized society, he feels he lacked the strength to preserve his way of life and as a result, feels weak. It is this importance placed on strength that I wish to talk about. In present society how many people each day let themselves be pushed around and as a result lead very sad and often suicidal lives? Okonkwo ends his life at the culmination of the book for a number of reasons. He has lost the respect of his tribesmen, he has lost his family, his land, his honor and most importantly, he feels he has lost the town. Pride possesses Okonkwo’s every fiber. He was once the greatest wrestler in nine villages, he has five skulls from battle and he has risen above his station. He has reason for pride. He claims that the reason for his success is the strength that he has. However, as we read the book, it becomes remarkably clear that Okonkwo’s strength is driven by fear and as a result is not the hero we suspect. Okonkwo was perpetually terrified that he was going to lose: lose his money, his crops, and his respect. He const...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay Example

Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay Example Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay The subject of strategic direction is one of those hot button concerns that had attracted a important sum of attending over the past four decennaries. Strategic is a agencies adopted by the direction in order to accomplish the long term aims. Strategic direction Process, is a procedure through which organisations analyze and learn from their internal and external environments set up strategic way, create schemes that are intended to travel the organisation in that way, and implement those schemes, all in an attempt to fulfill cardinal stakeholders. In cordial reception context the traditional procedure for developing schemes consists of analysing the internal environments such as Owners/Board Directors, Managers and employees and external environments of the company such as rivals, militant groups, providers, brotherhoods, fiscal mediators, authorities bureaus, local communities, clients and media to get at organisational strengths, failings, chances and menaces ( SWOT ) . The consequence from this state of affairs analysis are the footing for developing missions, ends and schemes and the typical inquiry that the organisation have to happen out in order to hold a clear concern definition are who is being satisfied? What is being satisfied? and how are client demands satisfied? In general, a company should choose schemes that take advantage of organisational strengths and environmental chances or neutralize or get the better of organisational failings and environmental menaces. After schemes are formulated, plans for implementin g them are established and carried out. The environment is the primary determiner of any strategic success. A good direction is associated with finding which scheme will outdo fit environmental, proficient, and human forces at a peculiar point in clip, and so working to transport it out. Some surveies show that the ability to aline the accomplishments and other resources of the organisation with the demands and demands of the environment can be a beginning of competitory advantage. ( Cathy Enz, Strategic Hospitality Management, 2010 ) . As it has been mentionated before the strategic direction procedure has three nucleus countries: Strategic Analysis, Strategic development and strategic execution. Strategic Analysis referes to organisation, its mission, vision, value, civilization and aims have to be analyzed and examined. Strategic direction provides value for the people involved in the organization-its stakeholders. Strategic Development: the scheme options have to be developed and so selected. To be successful, the scheme is likely to be built on the peculiar accomplishments of the organisation and the particular relationship that it has or can develop with those outside such as providers, clients, distributers and authorities. In short for many organisations, this will intend developing advantages over rivals that are sustainable over clip. There are normally many options available and one or more will hold to be selected. There are three degrees of schemes to be formulated: concern unit degree ( Departmental sc hemes ) ; corporate degree ( Organizational Strategies ) and International degree ( Global Strategies ) . Strategic Execution: the select options now have to be implemented. There may be major troubles in footings of motive, power relationship, authorities dialogues, company acquisitions and many other affairs. It is really of import clarify that a scheme that can non be implemented is non deserving the paper it is written on. ( Richard Lynch, Strategic Management, 2009 ) . To Summaryze organisations need to develop schemes in order to optimise the usage of these resources otherwise will non acquire the success. Particularly, it is indispensable to look into the sustainable competitory advantage that will let the organisation to last and thrive against competition. In other words it is indispensable for a company to make and develop schemes in order to accomplish the long -term ends and aims. The importance of the strategic direction is extremely important, merely allows and organisation to be more proactive than reactive in determining its ain hereafter ; it allows an organisation to originate and act upon activities and therefore to exercise control over its ain fate. Small, concern proprietors, main executive officers, presidents and directors of many for-profit and non-profit organisations have recognized and realized the benefits of strategic direction. Historically, the rule benefit of strategic direction has been to assist organisations explicate better schemes through the usage of the more systematic, logical and rational attack to strategic pick. Such as fiscal benefits ( betterment in gross revenues, betterment in profitableness and betterment in productiveness ) and non fiscal benefits ( improved apprehension of rivals schemes, enhanced consciousness of menaces, reduced opposition to alter and heighten problem-prevention capablenesss ) . But in today s universe we can easy reflex the undermentioned betterment benefits in organisation s strategic procedure direction like for illustration: taking an organization-wide, proactive attack to a altering planetary universe ; constructing an executive squad that serves as a theoretical account of cross-functional or horizontal teamwork ; holding an intense executive development and strategic orientation procedure ; specifying focused, quantifiable results steps of success ; doing intelligent budgeting determinations ; clear uping your competitory advantage ; cut downing struggle authorising the organisation ; supplying clear guidelines for daily determination devising ; making a critical mass for alteration, authorising in-between directors, concentrating everyone in the organisation in the same overall model, rushing up execution of the nucleus schemes and supplying touchable tools for covering with the emphasis of alteration. Marriott International overview Presently Marriott International is a taking lodging company with more than 3,500 lodging belongingss in 68 states and districts such as Americas, Middle East, Africa, Asia and Europe. Marriott International operates and franchises hotels under the Marriott, JW Marriott, The Ritz-Carlton, The Autograph Collection, Renaissance, Residence Inn, Courtyard, TownePlace Suites, Fairfield Inn, SpringHill Suites and Bulgari trade name names ; develops and operates holiday ownership resorts under the Marriott Vacation Club, The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club, and Grand Residences by Marriott trade names ; licences and manages whole-ownership residential trade names, including The Ritz-Carlton Residences, JW Marriott Residences and Marriott Residences ; operates Marriott Executive Apartments ; provides equipped corporate lodging through its Marriott ExecuStay division ; and operates conference centres. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, and had about 146,000 employees at tw elvemonth 2010. Marriott International reported gross revenues from go oning operations of about $ 11 billion dollars. Marriott International chief merchandise is all about deluxery, confort and high manner accomodation. This company has been success for its guest service satisfaction positionated it as one of the best cordial reception company all over the universe. Marriott International mark market is chiefly defined by age, gender, geographics, socio-economic grouping, technographic, or any other combination of demographics but the most predominat beginning is the in-between upper category. The industry is higly fragrmented and no participant commands more than 20 % of the market portion. Competition in the industry is by and large based on the quality of the suites, eating houses, meeting installations and service, attraction of locations, handiness of planetary distribution system, monetary value and other factors. Althought Marriott s planetary presence across 68 states enables it to offer services to a big figure of clients, it lags behind its rivals who are present in 80-100 states such as Starwoods Hotels and Resorts ; Choice Hotels International ; InterContinental Hotel ; Hilton Hotels ; Orient-Express Hotel and Hyatt Hotels Corporations. Marriott International mission statement: To win in service by proactively offering clients theA most valuable aid, A information and support in a uniquely warm and lovingness mode . Marriott International Vision: To be the universe s first pick for full-Service Hospitality. The company chief merchandise is deluxery accomodation and confort . Political Factors: Marriott Hotels can non know apart when using people based on sex, ethnicity, faith, orientation. The authorities supports touristry because it is a moneymaking industry for the state. Marriott has to pay attending to physical and psychological working environment conditions since the American authorities exhaustively regulates it. Economic Factors: In the short-run, Americans are affected by the economical crisis, so they should concentrate on giving an image of affordability. In the long term, they have a really solid repute so when the economic system bounces back, they will be able to return to their original position which is a concatenation of luxury hotels. Social Factors: Green issues are really of import in America so the Marriott would hold to concentrate on recycling, non being uneconomical and in general be every bit eco-friendly as possible. Aged population in America is affluent that means that spend on leisure, going and hotels. Technological Factors : Marriott is defined by luxury therefore it should be up-to day of the month with the latest engineerings such as free, fast and accessible Wi-Fi, functional and easy to utilize website and paying measure on cell phone. Ecological Factors: Each twelvemonth, Marriot Internationa and its proprietors spend about $ 10 billon yearly purchasing merchandises and services for its more than 3,300 hotels around the universe. Acknowledging this purchaising power, Marriot has teamed up with its sellers to present these greener solution at no excess cost such as Greener cardinal cards, Eco-pillows, Earth-friendly towels, Recycled pens and low VOC pigment and Biodegradable wash bags. Legislative Factors: the inns in America are about to anticipate lobbying and legislative action that will impact travel company traxation and card cheque which are of import issues to th lodging industry accroding to the American Hotel and Lodging Association. The associatio believes that this move will bear an imp act on the industry. STRENGHTS Failing Strong market place Strong gross grow Technology enabled services Strong concern theoretical account Overdependence on the US market Weak runing border Opportunity Menace Expansion into China and Southeast Asia Recovery of concern travel market Competition Labor issues Rising involvement rates One of the chief concerns of the group sing gross revenues schemes has been its overdependence on the US market. While the company has more than doubled its market portion of suites in the United States over the last 15 old ages, its market portion outside the United States is less than 1 % , go forthing considerable chance for enlargement. Identifying new international chances is a precedence. In financial 2008, Marriott operated 2,349 out of 2,741 hotels in the US. This represents more than 85 % of the entire hotels. This over dependance has affected Marriott significantly, particularly at clip of slow economic system. Furthermore, the company has merely a little presence in the huge, and yet still turning, Asiatic market. This deficiency of geographic spread in its grosss is a major failing for the company. Although the company s operating border has increased marginally in financial 2009 from 4.7 % to 4.8 % over financial 2008, its runing border has lagged behind industry norm. Over the five twelvemonth period from 2004-2009, the company s operating border, which was 4.6 % , trailed the industry norm of 10.2 % . Weak runing borders indicate increasing costs and can adversely impact the long term fiscal place of the company. The cordial reception industry is characterized by a big figure of participants, with many of them holding a world-wide presence similar to Marriott. There are many big hotel ironss similar to the company, such as InterContinental, Hilton Group, Accor and Hyatt Corporation, who are besides spread outing into possible growing parts such as Asia. Its rival, InterContinental has the largest presence in China with 55 hotels, with programs to duplicate the figure by 2011. Accor has 24 hotels in China, with 33 under planning phase. Marriott has limited presence in India, with programs to present other trade names in the part. Whereas InterContinental has 15 hotels in India and Hilton has re-entered the Indian market. Furthermore, the broad presence of independent hotels particularly in the European part holds a major potency for consolidation. This will increase competition and might ensue in a loss of grosss and market portion for the company. Some of the company s brotherhood contracts i n New York, Chicago, Boston, and many other major metropoliss are set to run out in 2011. The hotel brotherhood is endangering a work stoppage in all of these metropoliss at the same time. The brotherhood s large demand for the ability to unionize more hotels without direction intervention can turn out to be a important menace for the company. The US has seen 17 consecutive involvement rate hikings over the past few old ages. Inflation frights in US may see another rise in the short term. This could impact the company s growing programs by increasing the funding costs. In add-on, lifting involvement rates could take to cut down disbursement by corporate clients, which would impact the company s grosss. A strong market place enables the company good for future growing. However, increasing competition in the planetary cordial reception industry could impact the company s market portion. The company operates hotels in mid-scale, upscale, upper upscale and luxury sections caters to both concern and leisure travellers with its huge portfolio of adjustment services. The company s customer-loyalty plan is besides the largest in the industry and ensures repetition traffic in its hotels. The company s strong hotel grapevine of 75,000 suites ensures that it can consolidate its market place and continue to bring forth extra grosss. The company s increased focal point on engineering as a concern tool has resulted in important investings in bolstering its web based services portfolio. These attempts have given Marriott the best online reserve system in the industry which attracts about six million visitants every month. In add-on to this, the company has besides tied up with expedia.com and hotels.com to drive traffic to its hotels via online channels. Furthermore, the company is able to supply the industry s lowest cost per reserve and lands cross-selling chances. Technology is stopper and drama , thanks to Marriott s sole hight- tech connectivity panel that links laptops, iPods and other personal amusement equipment with province of the art 32 inch high definition Television and sound system. With high-velocity cyberspace entree in all its hotels, and hotels offering Wi-Fi, Marriott leads the industry in maintaining its clients connected. Marriott is developing and proving new systems, including check-in via anteroom booths and wireless handheld devices, every bit good as pre-arrival e-mail verifications that provide clients with local and hotel-specific information prior to their stay. A focal point on engineering will enable the company to bring forth incremental gross revenues every bit good as better the quality of experience for its clients. Marriott works on a concern theoretical account that separates ownership of hotel assets from the direction and franchising of its trade name. The consequence was a split of the company into Host Marriott and Marriott International. Today, Marriott focuses on puting in its trade name, go forthing existent estate investing to 3rd parties ( e.g. , Host Marriott, Sunstone, and Diamondrock ) . This concern scheme is a less capital-intensive theoretical account that generates higher mean returns on assets than existent estate-based theoretical accounts. Marriott s manager-franchisor theoretical account besides ensures a steady fee watercourse. Under the fee-based theoretical account that Marriott pursues, guaranting a steady watercourse of new add-ons to the figure of branded suites under direction or franchise understanding is critical to the company s net incomes growing. Decision: As discussed earlier Marriott International may better to a great extent. With travellers acknowledging that Marriott s trade names represent the highest value and quality in the industry its hotels could take progress of this state of affairs an enjoyed at least a 15 % gross per available room premium to direct rivals. Over the following old ages, the company will necessary hold to anticipate proprietors and franchisees to put a important sum of money in belongings betterments, that reflect its new expression and feel . One of the most transformative alterations is the new bedclothes, which is now in about all Marriott branded hotels in add-on to high yarn count sheets and multiple pillows, the replacing of the traditional bedcovers with newly laundered linens is doing Marriott s bedding the cleanest and freshest of any mayor hotel concatenation. Eight out of 10 concern travellers said they would be willing to pay more for the new, advanced room. The company has announced programs to add over 600 hotel belongingss by 2015, the majority of the add-ons will be in the emerging markets of India, where it plans to hold 100 hotel belongingss and other states include China and Southeast Asia. This will add a great dimension to the success of Marriott International. The growing of the Marriott s operations outside of the United States besides makes them susceptible to the hazards of making concern internationally due to geopolitical factors and region-specific economic resecions. Certain countries such as China and India are dining, which could well ioncrease net incomes dut to part specific economic roars. However, concentrated recession could take down grosss, addition costs, cut down net incomes or otherwise crippled concern. The recent economic recession has caused a enormous impact on all the industry sectors including the cordial reception industry. The company must invariably detect the alteration in the client tendencies in all the major parts it operates. An innovate program sing direction system in Marriott International should be transportation directors from one part to other part in order to increase the flexibleness of the directors. The following possible measure is to avoid investings in the parts that are involved in political and war struggles such as Afghanistan at this minute. Meanwhile the rivals are implemented IT strategies confederations that are non productive, Marriott International continue to concentrate on service, leveraging its apprehension of invitee and engineering, through such industry taking enterprises as Spirit To Server its Guests , for illustration today guest can utilize the web to order room service prior to arrival. Local civilizations must non be compromised irrespective of the success the organisation achieves in its international ventures. By organizing strategic confederations with international circuit operators Marriott can happen new influx of invitees. The Marriott system continues to turn with a healthy grapevine of hotels that means that invitee will hold more picks across more trade names in more locations than of all time. In few words Marriott is ready to present what its clients want, when they want it, the manner they want it. Its superb trade names, merchandises and services are making a new audience and dramaticall y altering perceptual experience of travel.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Intonation Contour in English Speech

Intonation Contour in English Speech In speech, intonation contour is a distinctive pattern of pitches, tones, or stresses in an utterance. Intonation contours are directly related to meaning. For instance, as Dr. Kathleen Ferrara has demonstrated (in Wennerstroms Music of Everyday Speech), the discourse marker anyway can be analyzed as having three different meanings, each with its own distinctive intonation contour. (See Examples and Observations, below.) See also: Intonation and Intonation PhraseEmphasisParalinguistics, Phonetics, and PhonologyProsodyRhythmSegment and SuprasegmentalStress Examples of Intonation Contours Suppose a secretary would like to know if his or her boss has completed drafting up an important report. He or she might ask, Finish that report? or perhaps the same secretary is telling the boss the list of things he or she planned to do next. He or she might say, Call Frankfurt. Write the memo to Purchasing. Finish that report. Now, perhaps, the secretary is talking to his or her assistant who is word processing this same report. He or she might say, Finish that report.In all three cases, this same string of words, Finish that report, would be said with quite different overall tone contours. In the first case, it would be given a questioning intonation; in the second case, it would be said with a non-emphatic final intonation contour; and in the third case, it would be said with an emphatic intonation contour indicating an imperative. Any native speaker of English would recognize the difference in meaning among these three intonation patterns, though the exact description of such c ontours is far from being a simple matter. . . .The reason intonation contour is so important to spoken discourse cohesion is that participants use their reading of intonation contours in deciding whether or not it is their turn to take over the floor.(Ron Scollon, Suzanne Wong Scollon, and Rodney H. Jones, Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach, 3rd ed. Wiley, 2012) The Problem of Terminology One immediate difficulty in consolidating the literature on intonation is the lack of agreement on terminology. If I wish to talk about syntax, I can feel confident that most audiences will understand words such as noun and verb. However, with intonation, terms such as stress, accent, tone, and emphasis may mean different things to different people. Not only are the lay terms different from the linguists terms, but linguists themselves disagree on terminology. To make matters worse, there are even different schools of thought on what counts as a unit in an intonation analysis. Should the intonation contour of an entire phrase be interpreted as a single, meaning-bearing unit? Is it possible to identify smaller units as meaningful? Where exactly does a unit start and stop?(Ann K. Wennerstrom, The Music of Everyday Speech: Prosody and Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2001)A well-canvassed discrepancy between an American predilection for levels and a British preference for tu nes is only one aspect of the differences that exist concerning how the utterance should be segmented for the purpose of describing its intonation. There is a rough similarity between the categories referred to in the literature as sense units, breath groups, tone groups, and contours, but the similarities are deceptive; and the various ways of further segmenting into nucleus, head, tail, tonic, pre-tonic, etc., compound the differences. The important point is that, whether this is explicit or not, each formulation amounts to a starting assumption about how the underlying meaning system is organized.(David C. Brazil, Intonation. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, ed. by Kirsten Malnkjaer. Routledge, 1995) Intonation Contours in Text-to-Speech Systems In text-to-speech systems, the goal of the intonation component is to generate an appropriate intonation contour for each spoken phrase. An intonation contour is the underlying fundamental frequency (F0) pattern that occurs over time in speech phrases. Physiologically, F0 corresponds to the frequency at which the vocal folds are vibrating. Acoustically, this vocal fold vibration provides the energy source that excites the vocal tract resonances during voiced portions of speech . . .. Listeners perceive an intonation contour as a pitch pattern that rises and falls at different points in a phrase. The intonation contour emphasizes certain words more than others, and distinguishes statements (with falling intonation contours) from yes/no questions (with rising intonation contours). It also conveys information about syntactic structure, discourse structure, and the speakers attitude. Behavioral scientists have been instrumental in basic research demonstrating the importance of intonation in the perception and production of speech, and in developing and evaluating intonation algorithms.(Ann K. Syrdal, Text-to-Speech Systems. Applied Speech Technology, ed. by A. Syrdal, R. Bennett, and S. Greenspan. CRC Press, 1995) Intonation Contours and the Brain There is evidence that intonational contour and patterns are stored in a distinct part of the brain from the rest of language. When someone experiences brain damage to the left side of the brain that seriously affects their linguistic abilities, making them unable to produce fluent or grammatical speech, they often maintain the appropriate intonation patterns of their language. Also, when right-hemisphere damage takes place, the result may be that the patient speaks with a monotone. And when babies who have not yet acquired any words begin to babble at around 6 months of age, they often utter nonsense syllables using the appropriate intonation pattern of the language they are acquiring.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Also Known As: intonational contour

Saturday, October 19, 2019

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, v Paul David CREWS Research Paper

COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, v Paul David CREWS - Research Paper Example The case study of commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Paul David Crew is among the most valuable perspective pertaining to the use of DNA evidence in solving crime. The sensitive treatment of victims in DNA cases is essential across the entire criminal justice system; first beginning with the arrival of the responders at the crime scene and then continuing until long after suspects are convicted. All types of victims especially sexual assault victims should be subjected to fair and sensitive treatment with respect and dignity, especially during the collection of biological evidence from a wider range of crime scenes, which is now beginning to regularly occur in the United States. Problems regarding the security and privacy of a victim’s information in DNA cases are a major concern. The Victims’ DNA profiles are characteristically entered into databases which cause many victims to worry about the privacy of this information, whether it can be accessed by the perpetrators th rough the local databases or the internet. There is also concern about whether this technology can be used against victims who may have committed other crimes, which can possibly result in a decrease in reporting (PLJ, 2012). In this research paper, I chose the case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania versus Paul David Crews in which many unique talents pertaining DNA evidence were involved in prosecuting the culprit. I am going to study facets of this case which I deem necessary to mention for the purpose of this research. Here, there is a combination of professional unique talents, the respect, their dignity and strive to foster their commitment to excellence in their work that led to justice. Unity and diversity of people on the free exchange of ideas, on learning, living and working harmoniously is truly the pillar of a community’s strength in society as we shall observe in this paper. For the purpose of grasping the whole concept of the case, I will briefly touch on other fa cets of the case other than those pertaining DNA evaluation. It is the professional unbiased performance of each that slowly but surely led to justice (PLJ, 2012). Commonwealth Of Pennsylvania, V Paul David Crews In the morning of September 13, 1990, two hikers, Geoffrey Hood and Molly LaRue, were murdered .The woman tied, raped, and stabbed, resulting to her death. Her boyfriend, shot three times. The suspect Paul David Crews was arrested week later and subsequently charged with the murders. There were a number of witnesses who presented themselves to testify. The first witnesses testified seeing the suspect visit a library seeking a map of the terrain where the couple was murdered while other witnesses testified the suspect seeking directions of the trail that coincidentally was the same with those of the murdered couple. These witnesses openly shared their knowledge to the relevant authorities. Some even vividly testified of seeing the suspect wearing the hiking gear belonging to the male victim along with other objects. A ballistics expert also testified that the handgun possessed by the suspect upon his arrest was the murder weapon which. An FBI DNA expert, after caring out his unique duty came to a conclusion thus testifying that the suspects DNA patterns matched with those obtained from semen samples the female victims vagina. The jury which comprises of carefully selected individuals of varying personalities and background

Independent Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Independent - Research Proposal Example This essay highlights that the major motivations in carrying out the research stems from my interest in marketing and various strategies that organisations use in ensuring success. For instance, the main strategies used by the KFC includes offering competitive prices, developing quality and diverse products, and ensuring that the products are in convenient locations where the target markets can easily access. The study will help in exploring the development strategies of the KFC and comparing it with other international restaurants such as the McDonalds. Therefore, if problems are detected in the strategies, areas of weakness will be identified and recommendations will be made.This paper declares that  using of scientific methods is essential in providing an organised structure for making theories as well as solving problems. On the same note, it minimises bias and shows the proper steps that ought to be taken in order to reach a conclusion. In addition, a research design is the ov erall strategy that is used in integrating the research components in a logical and sound manner to fully address the problem.  The research proposal will employ a mixed methodology of both qualitative and quantitative analysis in which there will be an understanding on the existing development strategies and analyse the issue of localisation of KFC in China.  The proposal will also employ both an action and historical research design. The action research design helps in understanding the issues and coming up with intervention strategies.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Rhetorical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical - Essay Example In the course of this paper I will examine the rhetoric employed by Nathan Comp in his article entitled â€Å"An End to the War on Weed?† This article suggests that recent changes indicate the status quo with regards to the criminalization of marijuana may soon be at an end. Logos is an important aspect of Comp's argument. He wants to present his argument as eminently reasonable and the alternative to it as foolish. He presents many facts about the status quo which suggest that it is not working. He argues that there is a â€Å"growing sense that America’s marijuana policy is more harmful than the plant itself . . .† However, his reasoning is a bit simplistic. If the status quo is defective, simply remove the laws creating it, he says, and everything will be solved. This argument is a bit childish. As suggested below, legalizing marijuana does not solve the crime problems relating to other drugs. He argues that voters no longer seem to care that presidents have a dmitted to using marijuana. That is an important fact, but all presidents have said it is a negative thing and none support its legalization. If voters were to elect a stoner as president that might be more definitive. The suggestion is frequently made that marijuana is safer than alcohol, but again little evidence is used to support this claim. Experts are quoted saying: â€Å"The problem is that people still have a perception of harm that’s been built up over many years . . . If marijuana were legalized tomorrow, in 10 years these perceptions would be very, very different.† This is pure supposition and not logic. The evidence is divided on this issue. Nevertheless, this effort to appeal to authority sounds convincing and is useful logos. A great example of Comp employing ethos to recommend his argument is when he speaks about the Obama administration's potential backtracking on a liberalized regime towards marijuana. Comp does not believe these actions mean much. He writes, â€Å"to paraphrase Victor Hugo, not even the strongest government in the world can stop an idea whose time has apparently come.† This is a useful quote as it appeals to idealism and faith. It suggests that the people are opposed to the government and that the people have right on their side. By quoting Hugo, Comp sounds more credible, more classical, and more authoritative. This is a good example of using rhetorical ethos to make a point. The paraphrase is slipped into the argument but helps set a persuasive tone. The ethos Comp wants to communicate through this paper is one in which those who support legalization are pragmatists and progressives, and those who oppose it are retrograde and careless. This is a moral issue for Comp. The two sides are divided between good and bad. Pathos is as much a part of Comp's argument as any other rhetorical technique. He tries to frighten the reader into believing in his view on legalizing marijuana. Describing the situation in M exico, he writes that arguments for legalization â€Å"have taken on unusual gravity over the last year, as drug-fueled violence along the Mexican side of border has excited fears that the carnage and mayhem will spill over into American cities. Testifying before a House panel in March, a top Homeland Security official warned that the cartels now represent America’s largest organized-crime threat, having infiltrated at least 230 American cities.† He presumes that these facts support the argument for legalization,

DB3 carminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DB3 carminal justice - Essay Example Smith. As an initial matter, society is turning more and more to alternative treatments for minor drug offenders. As stated in a research study by the U.S. Department of Justice, there are a number of potential types of alternative treatments available, such as residential treatment, intensive outpatient treatment, drug education, pharmacological interventions, community-based therapeutic programs, and relapse prevention programs (Peyton and Gossweiler, 2001: 7). A careful analysis can match Mr. Smith with an alternative treatment program for his particular type of abuse. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that therapeutic options might be more relevant to eliminating the underlying behavior which resulted in the drug offense. More particularly, there has been a rather long-standing perception, by the public and by researchers in general, that drug use per se leads to more advanced criminal behaviors. Indeed, much of the drug debate centers on this very premise that recidivism and progressively worse criminal actions are inevitable. The data, however, does not support such an attenuated conclusion; quite the contrary, the research demonstrates that there are similar risk factors for both the abuse of drugs and criminal behavior. In short, incarceration does nothing to deal with Mr. Smith’s underlying risk factors. More specifically, there is a demonstrable impact of substance abuse on criminal behavior that is relevant to incarceration decisions. Such a general statement, however, is of little use without a closer examination of the specific impacts. The types of criminal behaviors that result from substance abuse, for example, tend to be limited and, in many cases, predictable. As an illustration, heroin abuse does lead to financial criminal behaviors; that is, the abusers commit crimes with the specific objective being the financing and re-financing of their heroin habits. A more general

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Demand and Supply of Oil Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demand and Supply of Oil - Case Study Example As with any commodity, pricing is determined by demand-supply dynamics, with the market price being set where demand levels equal supply levels (Rowling, 2014). As basic economics would have it, the price would go up if there is an excess supply of the commodity. Same is the case of oil in international markets. The United States, once the highest importer of oil, is now sitting on the largest oil reserves in the world to such a great extent that it has become an oil exporter itself. With so much excess supply and lack of demand, oil prices were bound to face an upward trajectory. Â  What is rather more interesting is that OPEC countries supply around 40% of the world’s oil output. Rather than curbing output in a bid to push up declining prices, Saudi Arabia, the largest contributor of oil within the OPEC, has pleaded to maintain its output levels at the same levels instead of decreasing them in a bid to capture market share. According to statistics, if production continues at the same levels from OPEC and other oil producing countries, then this would translate into a major stock-pile of oil in the first half of the calendar year 2015 to 2 million barrels of oil per day (Rowling, 2014). Again if one understands basic economics, this could mean a further slash in oil prices in the upcoming year. Â  According to my own opinion, there needs to be a proper interaction between real demand and real supply so that an efficient price of oil could be determined. At the current levels where oil prices are going down to new lows in recent times, there is a possibility of consumers over consuming the commodity when they don’t even need to. What needs to be understood here is that oil is a depleting commodity and it has finite reserves. One day these reserves would run out and we would be left with no alternative.

Policy analysis - capstone project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy analysis - capstone project - Assignment Example Support for its legalization has been growing and more popular in the last two years. With that in mind, many question just why marijuana continues to be illegal in so many states and according to the federal government. In the paper there are more states who are trying to legalize the use of marijuana for recreational and medical purposes. A similar measure or proposal is in Ohio right now. We will use and assume some numbers from the success story of the use in Colorado and Washington State so far and will analyze and project what the impact will be when a similar measure is in place in Ohio. The study will focus on the economic impact the use will bring the state of Ohio. If marijuana is legalized in Ohio there will be a significant change in the economy in terms of revenue collection. The government collects revenue from the inhabitants of Ohio through fines and criminal charges imposed on criminal offenders who are people caught using or selling marijuana. In fact the users of marijuana in Ohio equal 0.088. To arrive at this answer see the formula below. Presently, the quantity of marijuana consumed in Ohio annually is equals to 721 grams. In Ohio the fine for marijuana consumption is done in ounces, which are 1-3 ounces calls for $ 100, while 4-above ounces equal %250 fines. Therefore the amount of fine the criminal justice receive due to marijuana usage is equals to users=1,016,000 1-3 ounces=$100 and 4-above $250 therefore 25 ounces will result into a fine of 25X250=6250 per month. Therefore annually will equals 6250X12= $75,000. Therefore, the government collects seventy five thousand dollars annually from marijuana users (Caulkins, 2012). After marijuana has been made legal in Ohio an increase in percentage of users is observed. We need to find out the number of users after policy= number of current users +number of current users

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Demand and Supply of Oil Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demand and Supply of Oil - Case Study Example As with any commodity, pricing is determined by demand-supply dynamics, with the market price being set where demand levels equal supply levels (Rowling, 2014). As basic economics would have it, the price would go up if there is an excess supply of the commodity. Same is the case of oil in international markets. The United States, once the highest importer of oil, is now sitting on the largest oil reserves in the world to such a great extent that it has become an oil exporter itself. With so much excess supply and lack of demand, oil prices were bound to face an upward trajectory. Â  What is rather more interesting is that OPEC countries supply around 40% of the world’s oil output. Rather than curbing output in a bid to push up declining prices, Saudi Arabia, the largest contributor of oil within the OPEC, has pleaded to maintain its output levels at the same levels instead of decreasing them in a bid to capture market share. According to statistics, if production continues at the same levels from OPEC and other oil producing countries, then this would translate into a major stock-pile of oil in the first half of the calendar year 2015 to 2 million barrels of oil per day (Rowling, 2014). Again if one understands basic economics, this could mean a further slash in oil prices in the upcoming year. Â  According to my own opinion, there needs to be a proper interaction between real demand and real supply so that an efficient price of oil could be determined. At the current levels where oil prices are going down to new lows in recent times, there is a possibility of consumers over consuming the commodity when they don’t even need to. What needs to be understood here is that oil is a depleting commodity and it has finite reserves. One day these reserves would run out and we would be left with no alternative.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

CSR strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CSR strategy - Essay Example It emphasizes the company’s idea of mutual promotion. This involves the implementation of a strategy that not only develops the community but also turns the community into potential stakeholders to the company as clients or partners. The opinion that this paper stresses on is that it is possible for a company to turn corporate turn their Corporate Social Responsibility activities into marketing opportunities. This dispels the notion that CSR is unnecessary expenditures for organizations. Instead, CSR becomes a core agenda in the company marketing plans. In fact, without this emphasis on marketing, CSR becomes inefficient and needless for organization. 2. Support for the CSR Strategy 2.1. Areas Of Need CSR strategy in the Four Seasons Resort identifies the areas of need in the society from the environmental analysis, media information and sustainability agenda. There are three major areas of need in the corporate social responsibility: Health care services Environmental safety Education and Development The Four Seasons Resort engages in the fight against various terminal illnesses including cancer and meningitis (Pohl and Tolhurst 48). About cancer fight for example, it works with the Terry Fox Initiative in the campaign and intervention against cancer and other diseases. In their engagement in environmental sustainability, the Four Season Hotel participates in the campaign and support of environmental safety programs. For example, Deloitte Research rated it among the most recognized participants in Hospitality and philanthropic activities. This was because of its focus for sustainability beyond 2015 (Urip 34). The Hotel supports the development in Education programs by sponsoring students and education initiatives in poverty-stricken areas (Pohl and Tolhurst 42). The driving force for this initiative is the fact that the learners have the potentials to become its future clients and workers. 2.2. Sustainability of CSR Strategy The strategic plans that the Four Seasons Resort are sustainable and applicable to the present and the future generation. It is based on realistic parameters and practical evidences from the past issues. This came after the debate by the International Compact of the United Nations, about the sustainability of the environment and the development of innovation and social value. The sustainability of the strategy and its implementation is planned every year with specific budgetary allocations. The strategy is further sustained by its observation of cultural and social ethics to avoid violation of the rights and freedoms of the society. The Four Season Hotel ensures that it does not make profits at the expense of its clientele but prioritizes in the satisfaction of its clients by the hospitality and professionalism of its services (Pohl and Tolhurst 51). The hotel balances its participation agendas by alternating among the three every year. For example, if in one year it supports environmental works, the following year it does either healthcare or education program. 2.3. Example of Research and CSR Work Area Through participation in partnership with the World Bank, the Four Season Resort does trainings and workshops on CSR activities. The training is aimed at developing the society and business at the same time. The training develops capital resources from the society for the Hotel, in the sense that it receives qualified workers from the same community. From the study

Monday, October 14, 2019

Globalization of the world Essay Example for Free

Globalization of the world Essay Cosmetic surgery is one of surgical and medical techniques to improve physical appearances. It is reserving normal appearance, repairing it or enhancing it exceeds the usual physical looks with regard to some aesthetic essence. A shocking data shows that a lot of teenagers, 18-and-unders, had gone under the knife. According to the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (ASPS), more than 219,000 cosmetic procedures were done on patients aged 18 and younger in 2008 (Mann, 2011). Todays society really concerns about this issue since the age of 18 and under are considered still too young to do procedures. Nowadays, it is very common to have a cosmetic surgery done in order to improve and enhance physical appearances or any other so-called imperfections. People choose to go under the knife as an easy way out. Nips and tucks are apparently increasing everywhere. The top 7 countries with most cosmetic surgery are: South Korea, Greece, Italy, Brazil, Colombia, The USA, and Taiwan (Conley, 2012). In South Korea, 41.1 percent of teens are willing to do plastic surgery for beauty. They have a desire to look better; it even can be an obsession. Many kids at the age of 14 would like to have an â€Å"eye jobs†, a surgery to have bigger eyes, as their graduation gift from their parents (Dubroff, 2011). In the United States of America, those teenagers who are unhappy and not satisfied with their physical looks choose to change them permanently through the risky and dangerous cosmetic surgery (Mann, 2001). In 2009, about 8,000 girls age 13 to 19 had their breasts enlarged last year, accordi ng to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. And 2,953 of them were age 18 and younger (Thompson, 2010). After going through so many frightening news about teenagers with their obsessions to look good until they choose cosmetic surgery and the dangers that can come along, the society starts questioning, should cosmetic surgery be banned among teenagers, 18-and-under? This question has resulted in dissimilar views on this issue and certainly causes a series of arguments from both sides of the stand. The purpose of this research is to show that cosmetic surgery should indeed be banned among teenagers due to its danger and teenagers are unaware to evaluate risks. Moreover, at young age, teenagers should focus on school and their future. Having cosmetic surgery done for unnecessary reasons is non-essential. This report will clearly point out why cosmetic surgery should be banned among teenagers by providing several evidences to reinforce this belief. 2.0 BODY OF REPORT 2.1 Cosmetic Surgery is Highly Dangerous Going under the knife is very risky and dangerous, but people don’t seem to be aware nor take into consideration about the danger. Psychologists and surgeons are afraid that many patients do not completely understand and know the potential risks of the operations (Sheng, 2012). Cosmetic surgery and its risks and dangers come in one package, so it is prominent for those who are thinking to go under the knife to acknowledge them. The major risk or danger that are associated with cosmetic surgery is that pain and discomfort (Zemanta, 2013). Even though not every cosmetic surgery procedure leads to lack of physical comfort and ache, but many of them do. Although the patients’ ache and discomfort can be treated with pain medicines that they can get without prescription or an ice pack, it may disturb the patients’ daily activities. Moreover, the pain may be really painful that those teenagers cannot bear and end up won’t not be able to come to school to study. The chance that complication may be the result of cosmetic surgery is another danger (Zemanta, 2013). Most patients do not necessarily consider that complications may arise. When anesthesia is given to a patient, there is a possibility that the anesthesia used to put the patient to sleep for the procedure, could give a reaction to the patient (Palmer, 2006). Even though this happens relatively rare, it’s able to be life-threatening and even deadly. One famous case is the death of Kanye West’s Mother. She actually died from the anesthesia (Adato, 2007). Another certain thing that teenagers should know about what can happen if they are undergoing cosmetic surgery is, at the age of 18 and below, the body has not yet matured to its final shape (Mann, 2011). Procedures like breast enlargement, liposuction, and breast reduction are surgeries that should wait until reaching adulthood. Until 18, breasts might not be fully-grown, and saline-filled breast implants (the type typically used for cosmetic enhancements) arent even permitted for under-18s (DiscoveryHealth.com, 2012). Having cosmetic surgery at young age may give them more risks. The scariest risk a patient should take into his/her consideration to have a cosmetic surgery procedure is death. Cosmetic surgery has been proven a killer. One of the famous cases is Stephanie Kuleba’s case. She was a pretty and popular girl who went for a breast augmentation. She died after suffering from the complications (Rivero, 2008). 1 in 1000 cosmetic surgery procedures in the United State of America results in complications, which lead to everlasting injury. Studies show that 7 to 12 percent of cosmetic surgery patients die from the procedure. 20 percent of patients suffer from injection and bleeding (Top 10 Hidden Dangers Of Cosmetic Surgery, n.d.). Hence, teenagers should be aware that cosmetic surgery is not as safe as most people believe it to be. Although the risks and dangers that come together with cosmetic surgery have been known, there are quite a number of people who are confident that cosmetic surgery is becoming safer and safer due to the increasingly strict policies and the improvement in technology (McGilchrist, 2011). They claim that todays regulations and policies for such operation are becoming more strict so it can only be done by professionals thus it is able to minimize the danger. Conversely, this argument is not completely true. The data and survey are shown and it only shows less than 25%, but it is still a big deal. There is always that chance to become a cosmetic surgery death statistic. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons is strongly against the idea of teenagers younger than 18 undergo plastic surgery (Rivero, 2008). From every aspect, regardless to nowadays-cosmetic surgery’s safety that is becoming safer so there will be less risks and dangers, cosmetic surgery among teenagers is still a high-risk and dangerous thing. The evidence in this research obviously shows that there are a lot of teenagers have to suffer the bleeding and other complications that can lead them to the death after undergoing cosmetic surgery. A teenager’s live and future are priceless and worth more than $3,500 cosmetic surgery. 2.2 Teenagers Are Unaware of Evaluating Risks Teen or adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development (Merriam-Webster, 2012). It is the stage when a teenager is too mature to be called and treated as a kid yet too young to be called as an adult. Teens are also known to be reckless, moody, impulsive, insecure, rebellious, and argumentative (Pickrell, 2006). They might think they are mature enough to make any decisions for themselves but sadly sometimes teenagers do not think further regarding the consequences of their actions. There is a high peer pressure that boosts them to be unafraid of doing risky things just to fit it and be accepted. Going through having doubts and insecurities about their body image is also a part of growing up that most teenagers experience. The society puts a huge significance on physical attractiveness (Wansbrough, 2013). Peer pressure to look â€Å"normal† and â€Å"good† is the driving force teens are interested in cosmetic surgery (Keyes, 2011). Britanni, a girl who had her breast implants on the age of 18 said â€Å"I didn’t have large breasts when I was younger, and all my friends did†¦I felt very self conscious about it.† (Wallace, 2012). 67% of average 14 years of age girls quizzed said the pressure is from boys and celebrities with perfect bodies (BBC News, 2005). Ms Horton said that the infinite parade of thin yet curvy, surgically-enhanced celebrities has made young girls obsessed with their own normal lumpy, bumpy bodies. More over, boys’ expectations on their girlfriends to look like the perfect celebrity body model are also the pressures (BBC News, 2005). Todays society introduces the miracle-makers as known as cosmetic surgery to teens at a young age as seeing the fact that according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, there are more than 223,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients whose age were between thirteen to eighteen years old for example; breast augmentation, liposuction, breast lifts, tummy tucks, and nose reshaping (Olding Zuckerman, 2004). It is undeniable, teen cosmetic surgery is on the rise. Unfortunately, the idea of having good physical appearance by going under the knife is not coupled by considering and evaluating the risks. Youngsters are not alert to the undeniable lasting health consequences of smoking, drinking alcohol, tanning and other dangerous behaviors, and nor likely to aware of the risks of cosmetic surgery (Keyes, 2011). They only see the magical outcome of cosmetic surgery as seen on celebrities on the cover of glossy magazines with their perfect breast, bottoms, lips, no se, eyes and everything (BBC News, 2005). They likely do not take into account the danger and risks of cosmetic surgery. They would likely to only believe that cosmetic surgery is the only way out to obtain physical perfection as the society ‘demand’. They are unable to evaluate risks as well as an adult. The scientists discovered that the teen’s brain is more sensitive to the rewarding indicators it gets when something better than expected happens. A nerve-signaling molecule that helps the brain in processing rewards and can be involved in addictions is called dopamine. The more dopamine flowing in the brain, the more likely a teenager to feel a risky behavior is more rewarding if it ends well, than it might seem to a child or adult (Discovery, 2013). However, some parties are against this idea. They claim that teenagers have every right to do whatever they want to do with their bodies. They should be able to make their own decision. To some extend, yes this is true. As humans, teenagers have the freedom to do anything as they please, but when it comes to do cosmetic surgery procedures, there are a lot to take into consideration as it will affect their physical looks permanently. The outcomes of cosmetic surgery are also various (BBC News, 2005). It can be just as what they expected but also can be far from their expectations. Cosmetic surgery is a big deal and teenagers are not reliable enough to make the decision. Teenagers are greatly affected by what they see in the media. They undergo unnecessary cosmetic surgeries to achieve the Barbie standard, but sometimes resulting in regret. In 2003, it was estimated that fifteen percent of teenage cosmetic surgeries in the US was due to misinformed decisions (Olding Zuckerman, 2004). Hence, it’s clearly shown from the facts, cosmetic surgery should be banned because many teenagers are unaware of evaluating the risks. Thus, a ban on teenagers of 18 and below should be put into place. 2.3 Teenagers Should Focus On Their Future Teen is the stage where the future is based on because in this stage teenagers are on their pursuit of anything they want to be. Most teenagers have goals to be achieved someday in the future. Achieving those goals and making dreams come true are more important and useful instead of enhancing physical appearances, which only skin deep. The significance of education can be explained very easy. Without education, it is difficult for human beings to survive properly. Through education, one’s potential can be utilized to maximum extent. Education teaches men how to make decision, how to work properly, and how to think. Through education alone can make separate identity. It became a necessity just like foods, clothes, and shelter. It is very usual for teenagers to wonder how their career will be. In the future, most people want to own a car, a house, and have family. Each of these things would not be easy to afford on a minimum wage salary. Many drop-outs have earned minimum wage and live just above the poverty line (Bloom Haskins, 2010). Therefore, through higher education, people will be brought to a bigger career opportunities and a higher payroll. Education is a productive and beneficial aspect in one’s life. The training of a human mind is not complete without education. All these facts clearly shows that there are many other things that are more important to be concerned about instead of enhancing physical appearances. Moreover, plastic surgery, just like drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes, it can be addictive especially if a patient starts at a young age (Pruitt, 2009). According to Tom Horvath, addiction is marked by three fundamental symptoms: repeated involvement in an activity; an act brought on by cravings; and one done despite negative consequences (Rettner, 2010). Most patients who have undergone cosmetic surgery and had a good outcome would most likely to go for another procedures hence it becomes continual. This could probably lead to even more demand for a nip here and a tuck there (Pruitt, 2009). One thing that most teenagers tend to forget these days is beauty is only skin-deep. What’s within them, which is their personality are more important than the physical looks. Beauty cannot be quantified or objectively measured; it is the result of the judgments of others. The concept is difficult to define, as it is equated with different, sometimes contradictory, ideas. When people are asked to define beauty, they tend to mention abstract, personal qualities rather than external, quantifiable ones (Freedman, 1986; Hatfield Sprecher, 1986). Beauty ideals are created and maintained by society’s elite (Saltzberg Chrisler, 1995). This does not mean that physical looks are not important, but this means that it’s not the most important thing and many other things are more important than that. Thus, it is wiser to concern more about the future than the physical looks. Hence, cosmetic surgery should be banned among teenagers. 3.0 RECOMMENDATION Look at how critical this issue at hand is, what the government should do is to establish age limitation to undergo plastic surgery. This plastic surgery refers to the unnecessary one not the reconstructive plastic surgery. Hence, only those who are ready physically and mentally can undergo cosmetic surgery procedures. Moreover, after going through so many researches, the root of teen’s cosmetic surgery has been discovered. It is low self-esteem due to society pressure on physical looks. Thus, creating a platform where teenagers are encouraged to showcase their skills and talents is important. Such skills and talents eventually will be an asset that they are proud of. Instead of being acknowledged by their peers through their looks, they could actually gain the acknowledgment through their achievement. In a nutshell, these achievements will replace the needs to polish their appearance in particular by having cosmetic surgery. Moreover, teenagers also should be educated how scary and dangerous the dangers of cosmetic surgery that’s why it requires a lot of thinking and taking all consequences into account when making decision to go under the knife. 4.0 CONCLUSION As it can clearly be seen, teen cosmetic surgery is highly dangerous and risky as the patient has a great possibility to suffer from bleeding and complications after doing the procedures. This may cause them to lose their lives. Moreover, teenagers are likely unrealistic decision makers because they do not take into account further bad possibilities that may occur from post cosmetic surgery. Nevertheless, as a teenager, one should focus and be putting their concentration on building up their future and achieving long-term goals instead of enhancing their physical appearances. Thus, it is prominent to ban unnecessary cosmetic surgery among teenagers. Although there is a great improvement in technology and teenagers have their rights to do anything they want to do, there are still many possibilities a patient to die from the procedures. So, it is wiser to give the teenagers some kind of protection by banning teen cosmetic surgery. References BBC News. (2005). 40% of teens want plastic surgery. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4147961.stm Bloom, D. Haskins, R. 2010. Helping High School Drop-Outs Improve Their Prospect. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/04/27-helping-dropouts-haskins Conley, Mikaela. (2012). Nip/Tuck Nations: 7 Countries with Most Cosmetic Surgery. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/niptuck-nations-countries-cosmetic-surgery/story?id=16205231 Discovery. (2013). Teen brain wired to take risks. Retrieved from http://news.discovery.com/human/teenager-brain-risky-behavior.htm DiscoveryHealth.com Writers. (n.d.). Are teens too young to go under the

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Play and Learning in the Early Years

Play and Learning in the Early Years In English preschools, play is an integral part of the curriculum, founded on the belief that children learn through self-initiated free play in an exploratory environment (Hurst, 1997; cited in Curtis, 1998). It was only in the early 1920s that play was linked directly to childrens development. The writings of such early educationists, as Froebel, the Macmillan sisters, Montessori, Steiner, and Susan and Nathan Isaacs, sowed the seeds for play being the basis for early childhood curricula. According to Froebel, play is the work of the child and a part of the educational process (ref). The Plowden Report (CACE, 1967) suggests that play is the principal means of learning in early childhood. In play, children gradually develop concepts of causal relationships, the power to discriminate, to make judgements, to analyze and synthesize, to imagine and formulate (The Plowden Report (CACE, 1967 (p.193). In our society, play serves countless important purposes. It is a means by which children develop their physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills. Much has been written about the definitions, functions and characteristics of play, for example Janet Moyles (1989) writes that Play is undoubtedly a means by which humans and animals explore a variety of experiences in different situations for diverse purposes. (Moyles 1989, p i). There are two conflicting opinions on the value of play, Early Years practitioners and some parents consider that play is the best way for young children to get a concrete basis for later school and life success. While other parents, practitioners and politicians believe that play is a waste of time. (quote). As a practitioner it is important to understand the true value of play and to advocate childrens right to play. This essay analyses the elements of an early years setting that support and encourage learning, comparing it with an alternative early years settings, while evaluating the importance of effective communication with babies and young children. It will also debate the importance of differentiation and inclusion in planning the early years curriculum. In addition the essay will include compare and contrast different settings to see how they relate to known theories of child development. Furthermore plans of play-based activities will be included to show support of the curriculum in the setting. Profile of setting. The school where I am currently in placement is situated within a woodland area surrounded by houses in Colchester, Essex. The school is currently providing education for 4-11 year olds and has approximately one hundred and sixty children on role. The school was originally formed in 1890, but was moved to its current site in the 1970s after a fire broke out. The school is a Church of England school and encourages the children to have a Christian view, with assembles and signs around the school. The feel of the school is a friendly, supportive, family originated environment, which is child focused. The type of child who attends the school is on average a child who will always do their best no matter what their background. The schools community is mixed race but has a high percentage of mainly white British families, the school has 38% free school meals, in August 09 had the highest jobseeker allowance attendance and has a high percentage of families on housing and benefits. The area t hat the school is situated is a renovation area that the Local Council are trying to regenerate. Within the two wards Essex County council and Colchester Borough Council the community have 2.3% rented housing and 10.5% housing. The Local Authority average is 11.85% which has almost double over the years. The school is above Local authority avenge and above national avenge which explains the percentage of free school meals. Lots of the house holds in the community have no formal education and there is a high percentage of children that are involved in social care. There are 4 children on the child protection register, 3 children which are looked after and 1 child on the child in need plan. The school has an equal amount of boys and girls in each class but there are one or two classes that have slightly more boys than girls which can inflict on learning styles and standards. The vision of the school is: We are a welcoming, happy and caring church school, where creativity is encouraged and everyone has confidence in their own abilities. We promote good social skills and participation in the Christian ethos of our school. We value others whatever their background or beliefs and respect our environment. We always aim high and do our best, cherish our friendships and respect everyones right to learn. We ensure that the key skills, vital for a successful future are taught to all of our children. We strive for a bright and wonderful future! (Ref) The school works with a number of organisations in the community. One is Child First, which is the collaborative name for the three Local Delivery Groups (LDG) of the schools in Colchester. The group first emerged out of the desire of Head Teachers in East Colchester, who wanted to improve the life chances for the children in their schools. With the arrival of the Extended Schools Agenda, it was a natural progression to extend the group to include all schools in Colchester. Also lying at the heart of the community is the church, which has a congregation of around 100 people. With differing ages, a variety of backgrounds and Christian experiences, the school finds itself strongly united to the church as a reverend from the parish visits the school regularly. Also the Ormiston Children and Families Trust works with the school to promote the wellbeing of children and young people through projects based around the Eastern Region. The Ormiston Centres work in partnership with Essex County Council, voluntary and statutory organisations, families and communities they are managing the seven Childrens Centres in Colchester. LO1 Compare setting with an alternative analyse the elements of a chosen early years setting that support and encourage learning, comparing it with alternative early year settings. What does the setting do to support and encourage learning? Current setting: The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) applies to children from birth to the end of the reception year. In our school all children join us at the beginning of the school year in which they are five. At present we have an intake of 28 children. Most have been to settings that exist in our community and many have attended the pre-school located on the school campus. At the school we recognise that every child is a competent learner who can be resilient, capable, confident and self assured. We recognise that children develop in individual ways, at varying rates. Childrens attitudes and dispositions to learning are influenced by feedback from others; we use praise and encouragement, as well as celebration/ sharing assemblies and rewards, to encourage children to develop a positive attitude to learning. In the Foundation Stage we set realistic and challenging expectations that meet the needs of our children. We achieve this by planning to meet the needs of boys and girls, children with special educational needs, children who are more able, children with disabilities, children from all social and cultural backgrounds, children of different ethnic groups and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. We meet the needs of all our children through: Planning opportunities that build upon and extend childrens knowledge, experience and interests, and develop their self-esteem and confidence; Using a wide range of teaching strategies based on childrens learning needs; Providing a wide range of opportunities to motivate and support children and to help them to learn effectively; Providing a safe and supportive learning environment in which the contribution of all children is valued; Using resources which reflect diversity and are free from discrimination and stereotyping; Planning challenging activities for children whose ability and understanding are in advance of their language and communication skills; Monitoring childrens progress and taking action to provide support as necessary. At the school we recognize that the environment plays a key role in supporting and extending the childrens development. This begins by observing the children and assessing their interests, development and learning, before planning challenging but achievable activities and experiences to extend the childrens learning. We make regular assessments of childrens learning and we use this information to ensure that future planning reflects identified needs. Assessment in the EYFS takes several different forms. These provide information which is then combined to inform detailed pictures of whole individuals. The classrooms are organized to allow children to explore and learn securely and safely. There are areas where the children can be active, be quiet and rest. The school has excellent outdoor area provision. This has a positive effect on the childrens development. Being outdoors offers opportunities for doing things in different ways and on different scales than when indoors. It offers the children to explore use their senses and be physically active and exuberant. We plan activities and resources for the children to access outdoors that help the children to develop in all 6 areas of learning. At the school we recognize that children learn and develop in different ways and at different rates. We believe that all our children matter and we give them every opportunity to achieve their best. We do this by taking account of our childrens range of life experiences when planning for their learning. Active learning occurs when children are motivated and interested. Children need to have some independence and control over their learning. As children develop their confidence they learn to make decisions. It provides children with a sense of satisfactions as they take ownership of their learning. Children should be given opportunity to be creative through all areas of learning, not just through the arts. Adults can support childrens thinking and help them to make connections by showing genuine interest, offering encouragement, clarifying ideas and asking open questions. Children can access resources freely and are allowed to move them around the classroom to extend their learning. Different setting: The Montessoris principle insight was that children are not merely small adults they have distinct and different thought processes and desires. What we may call play is a young childs work. The role of the educator is to provide the child with the opportunity to fulfil their desire to learn, both academically and socially. To use the latest educational catch phrases, Montessori education is multi-modality, differentiated instruction. (Ref). The Montessori method is split into five areas. Practical Life, Sensorial, Mathematics, Language, and Cultural. The Practical Life area improves the childs coordination and motor control, developing the pincer grip which is a requirement of writing. The Sensorial area refines the childs senses of the world around them, again preparing for language, and also for maths, serializing length and other physical characteristics. The Mathematics area provides numerical concepts in concrete form, using beads, cards, and spindles. The Language area teaches letters, then their phonetic sounds, and then builds words. The Cultural area extends the childs understanding beyond the classroom, teaching science, geography, botany, zoology and history. The teachers at a Montessori school observe their children in great detail asking the questions, what does this child understand? What is the next concept this child needs to learn? Obviously, a Montessori classroom will not look like a normal classroom. Rarely, if ever, will you find the whole class sitting with their books out looking at the teacher show them how to fill in a worksheet. Instead you will see children, some in groups, some by themselves, working on different concepts, and the teacher sitting with a small group of children, usually on the floor around a mat. Some people talk about the lack of structure in a Montessori Classroom. They hear the word freedom and think chaos or free for all. They seem to think that if all children are not doing the exact same thing at the exact same time that they cant possibly be working or that they will be working only on the things that they want and their education will be lopsided. Children will be given a work plan or a contract and will need to complete an array of educational activities just like in a more traditional classroom. The main difference being that the activities will be at each childs maximum plane of development, will be presented and practiced in a way that the child understands, and the child will have the freedom to choose which he/she does first. LO2 Communication Evaluate the importance of effective communication with babies and young children. Communication is a complex and important skill that is fundamental to human relationships, because humans appear primed to communicate from birth and we often underestimate the skills that must be developed if babies and children are to become sociable and effective communicators. The play experiences children need in order to become skilful communicators are those that encourage them to want to communicate with others and include not only verbal but also non-verbal responses such as movement of their whole body. LO3 Differentiation Differentiation is the recognition of and commitment to plan for student differences. A differentiated classroom provides different avenues to acquire content, to process or make sense of information and ideas, and to develop products. Differentiation can be referred to as an educational philosophy that requires teachers to modify their learning, teaching and assessment whilst adjusting the curriculum to the needs of children with SEN rather than expecting pupils to fit the existing curriculum (Cole 2008 cited in Rogers, 2007). The history of differentiation in education can be linked to two influential psychologists. Vygotsky proposed that learning can be mediated through the intervention of others. This recognises that by having knowledge of what a child already knows should inform the next stage of learning and what interventions are necessary to enable successful learning. Gardner (1993) proposed a theory of multiple intelligences in which people have different intelligences and learn in many different ways. Gardner conceived that schools should therefore offer individual-centred education (Florian et al, 2006 cited in Humphreys and Lewis 2008b) in which learning is tailored to the childs individual needs. Lo4 2 different early year curricula. The idea behind Forest Schools is that it is a long term sustainable approach to outdoor play and learning. Its about providing children with holistic development; it looks at every area in terms of their physical development, intellectual development and cognitive skills, also looking at their linguistic and language, both verbal and non-verbal. Forest Schools also looks at their emotional, social development and spiritual development. Whats interesting about the culture in some Scandinavian countries is being in and out doors are a part of how the family and culture works. But in Britain children are getting more and more isolated from the natural world. Forest Schools is very much about giving children the opportunity to learn in and from nature. Forest Schools is also about free play, its about self directed learning but its also about allowing the children to develop freedom and choice in order to be able to become competent and effective adults. In Every Chid Matters it states that every child should make an equal contribution. (Ref). The only way that children can do this is if they have sound self-esteem and sound emotional well-being and sound social skills and function in as many social situations as they choose. Forest Schools is about allowing children given their developmental dependant age the ability to be able to achieve social comfort. Forest Schools is an inspirational process that allows children to access the outdoor space in order to grow and develop into successful, happy rounded individuals. There is a misconception that Forest Schools is for Early Years; some of the most successful projects have been with older young people, adults with mental health problems and children in secondary education. (Ref). The .about allowing children and young people to grow with a sense of value of who they are and giving a positive contribution. Its all about using nature as the teacher as opposed to being adult lead. LO5 Activity Plans and Evaluation. Plan (see appendix .), Rationale behind choice of activity and Learning Objective. This activity was chosen as the reception class were looking at the Handa Surprise book and focusing on healthy foods. The day the activity was carried out a new student was present with his mother which added extra pressure for all the professionals. The learning environment offered opportunities for the children to experience tasting different fruits as the kitchen area was adjacent to the table in which the activity was carried out. It setting also had a large copy of the story so all the children were able to see the story (for Communication, Language and Literacy) and had the provisions to create the masks (Creative Development). I thought the topic would lend itself to the next days topic of healthy lunchboxes, which the whole school were focusing on. I chose to focus on any existing knowledge the children may have of different fruits and try and extend their understanding of way fruits are good for us. This leads into Early Learning Goal () of ..'(QCA, 2000). My main learning objective, therefore, was to introduce the children to new fruits and tastes, using language and listening to each other to find out what each child thought, in an accessible and enjoyable environment, so to encourage respect for each others views and turn taking. What happened? The week before carrying out the activity, i prepared the resources needed in school and discussed the other activities that my fellow practitioners would carry out. This involved printing, cutting and laminating the necessary pictures and masks. Also finding all the different fruits that were in the story. One fruit in particular i was unable to find but i improvised with a fruit drink that was made from the fruit so at least the children were able to taste the favour. I carried out this activity with a mixed ability group of 9 children. I began by asking the children to wash their hands as they were going to be eating fruit. When all the children were back in their seats, i gave each of them a bowl and a cup. I asked the children if they could remember the fruits in the story of Hands Surprise which was read earlier. The children seemed to have a positive attitude about being able to remember. With a small copy of the book i asked the children which was the first fruit that the monkey took out of Handas basket. When answered in cut the banana in pieces and gave each child a piece and asked questions such as what does the banana taste like? How does it feel? Do you like the banana? The children gave mostly good descriptions of the fruit and used appropriate vocabulary such as creamy, slippery and lovely. I carried out the same routine of cutting the fruit into sections and passing a section to each child and asking them to describe what it tasted l ike and how it felt and whether they enjoyed it. With the Guava fruit which was the fruit i could not purchase i informed the children of the situation and showed them the picture of the fruit on the carton of juice. I gave each child a taste and asked their option, the overall option was that the fruit tasted delicious but one child said that they didnt like it. The most interesting discussion came when i asked the children what they thought the passion fruit would look like inside, one child said that it might look like an orange, the same child that said the banana was creamy (extension). Overall most of the children enjoyed the fruit tasting apart from one (standard) child who kept giving negative reactions to the fruit saying that he doesnt eat fruit at home. I was happy that a least he tried some which i gave great encouragement to. While the fruit was being eaten i passed around picture cards of the fruit and asked each child in turn to pronounce the name of the fruit after me, most children had no problems with the pronunciations but one child struggled with avocado. I encouraged each child to have a little taste of each fruit and if they didnt like it then they didnt have to eat it and well done for trying was always encouraged. The extension child suggested that trying different fruits was good for us, as fruit was good for us. Which then lead a child that was refusing to try a certain fruit, tried it? At one point the dismissive child asked if we were finished and could go and play. Once all the children had tried all the fruit and we had discussed them and i asked the final question which was everyone favourite and their least favourite, the overall result being orange best, avocado worst. I explained that the children could go put their bowls in the sinks and wash their hands and then go and play. Evaluation. I believe this activity resulted in all the children achieving the main learning objective of introducing the children to new fruits and tastes, using language and listening to each other to find out what each child thought and to encourage respect for each others views and turn taking. The idea that the childrens peer could influence the decision of another child .. An effective learning environment does not leave children entirely to their own devices, but builds on what they can already do and challenges them to try new things. The role of the practitioner is vital in this process and sits within the social constructivist approach to learning. This theory was popularised by Vygotsky (1978, in Smith, 1999), who identified the zone of proximal development, (ZPD) as being a reason why childrens learning can be helped by others. Smith (1999) explained: The ZPD is the distance between the childs developmental level and his or her potential level of development under the guidance of adults or more competent peers (Smith, 1999: 429). As this was a hands on activity, the children were taking an active part in their own learning progress. It was Piaget (1966, in Smith, 1999) who first postulated that the child is a lone scientist, processing information and constructing meaning through encounters with their world. Most of the children focused their attention to the fruits they enjoyed using positive language and engaging in the ability to use words to describe what something tasted like or felt. One child tried to extend the activity to see who the fruit sounded when bounced on the table saying the orange sounded like a ball, this then encouraged the children to continue testing the sounds of fruit by knocking on them. The (extension) child asked if there was nothing in the fruit would it sound the same? The relative success of this activity highlighted that children of this age learn best through concrete experiences. When working with children of this age group it is preferable to adopt teaching strategies which allow for plenty of practical activities and exploration. The fact that one child lost interest in the activity, implies that I might need to develop this activity in some way to keep the attention of the less able or enthusiastic children. This was particularly notice when asking some children to use descriptive words to describe the fruit, as some children just repeated the word that their peer before them used. The language of one child was not as developed as the other children in the group, and this excluded them from full participation. On reflection, a different teaching strategy could have been employed to involve them more fully into the activity. It could be that they were more of a kinaesthetic learner than the others, as he keep looking at the children playing, so maybe using an activity that involved movement may have kept his attention. Also the activity was extended longer than anticipated as i had the cut each individual fruit into segments. If this activity was done again in the future maybe cutting the fruit into segments before the activity took place would be a more successful approach. As a result of this evaluation, i would have changed my plan to include more opportunities for the children to be involved in the activity in a more physical way, perhaps by using safety acceptable knives the children could help me cut the fruit. This may help some of the children with their fine motor skills as well. Also another way of engaging less able children might include asking them to participate in the preparation of the resources, maybe by asking them to bring their favourite fruit from the story in so they feel they have a more personal involvement. Finally, the only thing I would change would be to ask the children to put on aprons, as it got very messy, including me, as i too got very messy. Conclusion In conclusion recently there has begun to be a realization in the UK that play is important. There has been a surge of initiatives funded by government , such as Arts Council projects on creativity in schools and communities, the publication of Excellence and Enjoyment by the National Primary Strategy (DfES, 2003). This is putting a major emphasis on the importance of embedding the Foundation Stage and the Birth to Three Matters Framework in the work of local authorities across the maintained, voluntary and private sectors. Increasingly, research findings indicate the importance of the first years of education. Childrens ability to use spoken and written language fluently and with confidence and for a range of purposes enables them to access at an early age what education has to offer. The adults working in early years settings and classrooms have both the opportunity and responsibility to affect the future learning of their pupils in a far reaching and powerful way. Play is, it seems, about the universe and everything. It often has to function in a hostile environment, but when it is encouraged, supported and extended, it makes a major contribution to, and sophisticated impact on the development of individuals and humanity as a whole.