Board of Directors, Linear Technologies Essay Example for Free

Board of Directors, analog Technologies EssayBased on the financials to date and the forward looking capital investments required Linear should increase their dividend payout by $0.01 per share. Entering the fourth quarter of 2003 the market seems to show continued signs of improvement. The union has shown steady growth and revenues are anticipateed to exceed 2002s by 19%. The forecast shows net income coming in at $222.7m a robust 12% increase over last year. Linear has however increased its cash holdings to be in excess of $1.5b through various management initiatives. However this $1.5b has only shown investors a 4.25% growth which translates to $0.10 earnings per share pre- evaluate. This is in line with the companys history of conservatism. expression ahead the company does seem to have requirements to build a new fabrication facility as their facility is aging and is nearing its efficacious use in its life cycle and will cost around $200m. Linear seems to have enough ca sh on hand to be satisfactory to invest their cash without leveraging the company too much in the future. They have also not spent much on capital expenditures as a percentage of sales (2.2% in FY2002) this last year and should look to increase that in the future.By looking at the information above in the table we see that Linear has had a coarse history of paying a dividend and has ample resources to pay out dividends Thus making them one of the highest in their industry as noted in the table below. The other survival of the fittests show extremes in the industry and prove to be too removed out in that location in terms of this industry. Technology companies are known for investing their cash in RD as swell and Linear needs to be aggressive in using its cash reserves in a higher and better use that will in turn show investors more returns as well as provide a health dividend amongst their peers.This is in line with what their investors have come to expect over the last 3 year s and any of import adjustment now would not signal well in the markets. This increase would raise their dividend payouts to over $66m (a 22% increase from FY2002).History/Analysis of the Dividend Policy at LinearLinear management started issuing dividends when they were sure of the sustainable profitability and cash flow and understood that if they started a dividend that they would have to maintain this in the long run. They understood that investors dont react well when a company stops paying a dividend. Hence starting small at and gradually increasing the dividends over time as seen in the chart below while the dividend give took a large hit in 2000 and rebounded in 2002. (Starting at $0.00625 dividend per share in 1992 after they went public in 1986 to a high of $.05 per share today)The Primary reasons to start issuing the dividend highlighted by the management were Company is financially well positioned with the sustained cash flow since IPO Show investors that Linear is a less risky investment (compared to other tech firms) Tap in the investors interested in income goals along with growth goals (more attractive than the low bank interest instruments) Management feels that increasing the dividend every year even during a uncompromising economic time was good signaling.One thing to note is that Linear did not just limit itself to dividends only also leveraged the share buyback (based on the market conditions), as a vehicle to give cash back to the investors. In 2003, company has recovered ($198m net income) from the 2001 recessionary slump but mum more than 50% below the peak in 2001 ($427m net income.) Moreover, sales and profit grew at 3% and 7% respectively are still far below 2001 levels. Dividend payouts make the stocks less volatile too. On the other hand, when a technology growth company start paying dividend it can be think that company believes that shareholders can make higher return by investing somewhere else.Porters 5 Forces to date D ividend and buyback policies at Linear Overall Market Big market scandals, Enron and World-Com were cooking the accounting books to show growth. Every year an investor can get the real money from the dividend (a bird in hand,) but stock growth is just on paper (two birds in the bush, believeing the recent big accounting scandals). Even the Fortune article in 2002 suggested that vent forward a growing share of investment returns willbe from the dividend income.Simple Proposal Raise by $0.01The goal of payout policy is to ensure that bullion are allocated optimally across firms and their investors. Having said that, several facts speak in favor of raising Linears dividend by one cent and not swinging the pendulum in one direction or the other. Excess cash-to-operations approach for 2003 ( source three quarters) Dividends paid $47 zillionOperating Cash Flow $180.1 million with the majority of cash going towards stock repurchases. ($165.7 million) while $13.2 million ended up on the firms repose sheet. With 312.4million shares outstanding, Linears surplus expenditures with a $0.06 dividend would be $3.1million per quarter or $12.5million annually. Given the corporations financial situation, this is perfectly feasible as seen in the chart below.This would slightly heighten the dividend yield as seen in the charts below. The company has a very beardown(prenominal) cash balance of over $1.5 billion in which to strategically invest In view of the upcoming changes in tax law, raising dividends enjoys support from major shareholders It could potentially help attract additional investors, such as mutual bills and European investment firms It would be consistent with the firms dividend payout history the dividends have been increasing by one cent every year since 1999 The company is not planning any major acquisition for which cash would be requiredMiddle-ground proposal Send 1/3 FCF to Dividends, 1/3 FCF to buybacks An option to balance the historical and the pa th forward for dividend pay would be to adopt the idea of paying one third of their earnings per Blaine Rollins, leader portfolio manager of Janus Fund. For companies with fast(a) excess cash flow such as Linear, I would suggest saving a third of the cash for a rainy day and communion the other two-thirds with investors, split equally between dividends and buybacks. Heres the historical data of the actual paid and the percentage of their excess cash flow If we sweep up the advice from Rollins, heres the middle ground proposal allocating 1/3 of excess cash flow towards dividends. Assuming the Q4 will be similar to the first 3 quarters in 2003, we can estimate that the net income to be $227.5Mand FCFE to be $240M. By taking 1/3, we can recommend dividend for 2003E (estimate) would be $80M. The dividend yield would increase slightly from .4% to .6% a well in the charts above.EconomyDue to the recession in 2001, the overall economy is not growing strong but theres no clear sign of a major decline. SP500 has remained steady over the past few years and with a favorable tax plan, it a signal to the investors that Linear remains a great investment opportunity when people are generally trying to hold on to their cash. constancyAlthough this is still higher than the industry standard, Linear has maintained a strong cash balance and by rewarding the investors, with a high dividend, it would signal strong growth and attract future investors looking for steady income revenue. This would also be a point of differentiation amongst its competitors and allow Linear to stand out amongst the crowd. However, a concern is a potential message that there is no future growth RD/projects in the pipeline. Linears current circumstanceLinear is in a strong financial position to pay aggressive dividends and theres no apparent risk in increasing dividends to the company. However, some factors to consider are potentially missing out on capital growth investments and executive pay restri ctions.Radical Proposal Distribute All CashA radical proposal for Linear Technology would be to distribute all of their cash. Taking this to the extreme, it would include the $1.5 billion cash balance they currently have as well as paying all of their cash flow for each of the subsequent years. The $1.5 billion they have on hand would provide a dividend of some $5.00 per share. This would represent a dividend yield of 16.2%. If they chose to continue this policy on a going forward basis it would provide a very volatile dividend. Looking at the past ten years of data, this strategy would give investors a dividend between $0.13 and $1.34 per share.EconomyThe economy still hasnt rebounded from the recession of 2001. Although Linear Technologies had never had a year with negative cash flow, there was significant uncertainty in the market and by distributing all of their cash they would be in a position where they could not make a mistake if it fell further. IndustryThis would imply to investors that they do not have growth opportunities that would provide investors attractive returns. Investors take to have a predictable dividend, by doing this they would create uncertainty in their dividend policy in the future. Even if they decided not to payout all of their cash every year, by doing it one year they risk setting a precedent that if cash gets to $1.5 billion it will be used for a dividend. This would provide a dividend yield to investors of 16.2%. This is significantly higher than the 0.3% average for the Information Technology sector as a whole. Moreover, if they continued this policy moving forward they would continue to get wind themselves from the other tech firms by having a much higher dividend yield. Linears current circumstanceThey run the risk of missing out on opportunities for acquisitions or investment in their existing business. Even if they didnt see opportunities at the current time, starting the year with a zero cash balance would greatly dimi nish their ability to finance any expansions or acquisitions. They would be forced to finance those opportunities through debt or raising new equity.

Evolution of Respiratory Systems in Animals

Evolution of Respiratory Systems in AnimalsJonathan CoddRespiration in animals is a need as it allows the change over of respiratory muffes that ar indispensable for survival. in that respect argon spacious variations in the designs of respiratory systems and separately has evolved due to selective pressures in environss, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as food and territory. The growth of species is driven in part by limited resources and the adaptations in which these target be exploited. This report will describe the phylogenesis from aquatic environments to terrene environments as part of this movement, of animals onto belt down, created a cause for the fast bristlement of newly designed systems in bon ton to support strain suspire as oppose to gaining atomic number 8 from water using gills. Lungfish first lifted lungs, and the ability to breathe breeze instead of water, whilst living in aquatic environments and the way of ship-brea lightlyg in fish is the m ajor put upation for terrestrialization. Each species has different requirements due to different techniques of movement and feeding, for example, and respiratory systems are required to support the modus vivendi of each species in order to metamorphose the maximum amount of gas possible. The ability to develop extra processes able to assist in ventilating system has ensured that the oxygen demands of each animal is met.The respiratory system of animals is crucial for the life as it allows the exchange of gases between an organism and the environment. These respiratory systems energize been forced to continually develop new designs depending on new evolutionary pressures from changing environments. Many species look at evolved due to the availability of new niches and fallow resources and thus catch been forced to develop supporting mechanisms of cellular external respiration. This report examines the evolution of respiration from aquatic environments to the terrestrializat ion of land and the rapid expansion of respiratory methods that soon followed. The evolution of lungs from gills in the Sarcopterygii lineage has allowed the tetrapod transition onto land and is prudent for(p) for the ability to eventually develop fully terrestrial species that are able to respire solely get off. Each system must(prenominal) be antonymous to the requirements of the species and environment in order to meet the aerobic demands and some species are able to undergo various methods of respiration in order to undergo decent rates of gaseous exchange. Each method has been specializedally developed for the niche, and uncinate processes have exploited in order to assist with ensuring respiration can be as efficient as possible.IntroductionThe evolution of transmit internal respiration was racy in the transition of life from aquatic to terrestrial environments and, thus the rapid evolution of the animal kingdoms physiology and anatomy in order to exploit all avai lable niches (Graham, 1997). The development of air existing would not, however, have examinen place if the atmospheric patch had not altered during the Phanerozoic era, around 550 million years ago, when the concentration of oxygen showed an increase, likely due to the appearance of large vascular land plants (Ra et al., 2007). The ozone layer was melodic theme to have formed around two billion years ago (Walker, 1978) and is essential for allowing the survival of life on earth by preventing high-energy ultra-violet irradiation from entering the earths gentle wind (Parson, 2003). The movement onto land has allowed for a huge expansion in the amount of available niches and at that placefore caused a rapid radiation in the body plans of animals and a variety of respiratory mechanisms to evolve in support (Ra et al., 2007) The Importance of Pulmonary SurfactantLungs differ throughout the animal kingdom as they have evolved for the specific niche of each species nevertheless one thing they all commonly include is a gas-liquid interface which allows surface tension to arise, create complications (Daniels and Orgeig, 2003). The pulmonary surfactant system prevents the collapse of respiratory surfaces in lungs due to unequal pressures arising from differently sized alveoli, as well as maintaining a reduced resistance to air string up and improving lung compliance (Daniels and Orgeig, 2003). There is overwhelming evidence that there was a single evolutionary origin of the surfactant system, ideal to be from the epithelial cells lining the pharynx (Daniels et al., 2004), due to Surfactant Protein-A (SP-A) or like-structures creation present in all the major vertebrate groups implying that it is an essential pre-requisite for lung evolution (Sullivan et al., 1998). Surfactant has been studied in swim bladders, which have now been shown to be a homolog of the lung, with the original principal function world an anti-adhesive but also with date in preventing water from entering the swim bladders or lungs (Daniels et al., 2004)Pulmonary surfactant composition is primarily lipids (around 90%) or so of which are phospholipids, and the remaining ten portion is comprised of proteins. (Veldhuizen et al., 1998). There were rig to be four types of surfactant proteins (SPs) A, B, C and D which all have varying properties and roles within the surfactant system SP-B and SP-C were both found to be highly involved in the surface activity due to hydrophobic properties and SP-D is hydrophilic and part of the collectin family (Wstneck et al., 2005). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the most hydrophobic lipid component and therefore DPPC-rich monolayers are able to sit packed tightly together, ensuring the exclusion of water, however they are not well suited for the expansion of the lungs and so are successord with multiform monolayers when necessary (Wstneck et al., 2005).Respiration in FishFish evolution has allowed both water and air bre athing to arise as a means of gas exchange and as these vary slap-uply in properties, much(prenominal) as density and the oxygen concentration, the mechanistic pumps must also show great miscellanea to meet the requirements for trenchant respiration (Brainerd and Ferry-Graham, 2005).Fish that breathe in water use gills which are highly evolved organs that provide large surface areas and thin barriers between the fishs blood and the aquatic environment, thus allowing for a high rate of gaseous dispersal (Evans et al., 2005). Whilst they show properties for gaseous exchange the gills are multifunctional organs which are also responsible for the loss of ions and nitrogenous waste, therefore fish must also have regulatory mechanisms allowing them to successfully osmoregulate (Evans et al., 2005). As fish are continually moving they all require a buccal pressure pump as well as a suction pump, most likely the operculum, on the job(p) in tandem to allow for expansion and compression to move water across the gills the suction pump is more prominent in some species such as the Osteichthyes compared to the Chondrichthyes (Ap and La, 2001). A counter-current method is established due to water flowing in the opposite direction to the movement of blood, with the subaltern lamellae being the site of gaseous exchange (Shelton and Randall, 1962). The counter-current mechanism is required as the content of dissolved oxygen is less in water than it would be in the atmosphere (Ibanez et al., 2008) and thus allows high concentrations of gas to be exchanged, whereas a con-current mechanism would too quickly reach an equilibrium and efficient extraction of oxygen would cease (Brainerd and Ferry-Graham, 2005).There are two hypothesis surrounding the origin of air breathing in fish, one suggests that lungs arose only once at the base of the Osteichthyes, whereas opposing arguments have recently suggested that lungs evolved on at least two separate occasions and instead develop ed in both the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii (Brainerd, 1994). Some air breathing fish, such as the Actinopterygian, are able to modify their buccal pump to create a four-pump mechanism, using two terminus and compression cycles, in which expired air is first pumped into the lungs before being compressed out into the atmosphere (Perry et al., 2001).When empty fresh air is inhaled via the expansion of the buccal nether region before lastly being compressed into the lungs, this is shown to fully expand and compress and so there is little mixing of expired and fresh air (Perry et al., 2001). Not all air breathing fish show this mechanism as some Dipnoi, lungfish for example, will nevertheless beam using the primitive two-stroke mechanism (Burggren and Johansen, 1986) and even though there can be mixing of expired and fresh air in the lungs, there has been no significant evidence to suggest that this is any less effective than the four-stroke method as breathing accessories allow s the increase in flashiness of inhaled gases (Brainerd, 1994).TerrestrialisationLungs were an obvious pre-requisite for the transition onto land but there were many other anatomical and physiologic adaptations necessary for tetrapods before they were able to fully terrestrialise and survive free of an aquatic environment (Daeschler et al., 2006). In the late Devonian, terrestralisation occurred as a means of exploring previously unexploited niches and resources through the evolution of tetrapods via the Sarcopterygian lineage, whose habitats were most likely mud-flats neighbouring the waters edge (Graham and Lee, 2004).Tetrapods share common features with both modern day land vertebrates and fishes and the discovery of Tiktaalik rosaea allowed the transitional form to be studied in detail to provide evidence on the necessary adaptations required for terrestrialisation (Sarfati, 2007). The skeleton of Tiktaalik was found to be a lot stronger than that of its sarcopterygii-like anc estors and would have allowed it to support its own body weight in substrate, it also showed a longer snout and loss of bony gill covering but still maintained fish-like qualities, such as well developed gill arches and fin rays which implies that it still spent a majority of cadence in an aquatic environment (Ahlberg and Clack, 2006). Tetrapod digits were seen to arise from the pectoral fins of Sarcopterygii, although there was seen to be a pattern there remained a few anomalies throughout the development (Sarfati, 2007).When discovered Tiktaalik was a hugely all-important(prenominal) addition to the fossil record and bridged the gap between fish and tetrapods after confirmation from phylogenetic studies placed it on the Sarcopterygian to tetrapod lineage (Sarfati, 2007). The further anatomical and physiological changes that continued after Tiktaalik were responsible for allowing tetrapods to adopt new mechanisms of feeding and locomotion that were required for survival on land a nd thus was responsible for a huge step in the necessary radiation of respiratory systems (Clack, 2006).Respiration in Amphibians and Non-avian ReptilesAmphibians are able to breathe by utilising cutaneous methods, using their skin to exchange gases, which could also suggest that it was an important method of respiration used during the transition onto land (Gans, 1970). JC1Some amphibians, that have a large enough surface area to volume ratio, such as certain species of salamanders, will verify solely on cutaneous respiration for gaseous exchange due to an absence of lungs (Feder and Burggren, 1985). Cutaneous respiration is based on an infinite pool of oxygen, through air or water mediums, in what is known as a co-current or open flow and is a passive process as there is a lack of inspiratory or expiratory flow (Burggren and Moallf, 1984). Whilst a few amphibians will rely only on cutaneous respiration, most will just use it as an add-on breathing mechanisms and will have other primary methods of respiration (Brainerd and Owerkowicz, 2006).As a means of understanding the primitive breathing in early tetrapods and air breathing fish, other species of salamanders have been studied. It was found that they use a method similar to the two-stroke mechanism previously described in Dipnoi in which during inspiration they will expand their buccal cavity in order to create a negative pressure required to draw in fresh air, therefore supporting claims that this is most likely the primite mechanism of respiration seen in Sarcopterygii and early tetrapods (Brainerd et al., 1993).Whilst most air breathers will create a negative pressure to cause air to move into the lungs, frogs and some air breathing fish, are known as positive pressure breathers as they use their buccal chamber to fill with air which they will then actively force into the lungs (Jones, 1982). In frogs this system consists of two valves the paired nares, which remain open for the majority of the time w ith the function of connecting the buccal cavity to the external air and the glottal valve which spends the majority of the time closed and is only opened when air is entering or leaving the lungs from the buccal chamber (Jones, 1982). This breathing cycle is most likely to begin with expiration as breath-holding was found to most likely occur during the end of the buccal inspiration (Jones, 1982).Reptiles, are believed to be the first group of animals to involve movements of the ribs in the assisting with lung ventilation system (Nielsen, 1961). Aspiration breathing is thought to have arison in amniotes, which includes reptiles and mammals, most of which have tried to eliminate their reliance on costal aspiration by evolving accessory breathing methods to aid in respiration (Brainerd and Owerkowicz, 2006). It is evident that aspiration breathing evolved after the buccal pump mechanisms, however, there have been no transitional forms intermediate between the two found which sugges ts that aspiration breathing developed abruptly and amniotes soon after lost the ability to employ a buccal cavity (Brainerd, 1999). Studies in lepidosaurs, established that most have an unidivided pleural cavity, which is also present in amphibians and air breathing fish, suggesting that this is the primitive form and that seperation occurred only later on in evolutionary history (Brainerd, 1999).Crocodiles display many unique features compared to the rest of the reptile group as they use a hepatic pistol to ventilate their lungs by utlising a muscle known as the diaphragmaticus, which is not homologous with any other diaphragmatic muscle (Brainerd, 1999). The liver divides the thoracoabdominal cavity and the diaphragmaticus muscle, orinating from the pelvis and caudal gastralia, is responsible for the expansion of the thoracic cavity by retracting the liver this creates a negative pressure inside and fresh air is forced in, with inspiration containing an intermediate give over ( Brainerd and Owerkowicz, 2006). The multicameral chamber seen in crocdiles allows high aerobic demands to be met, which is vital for their survival, and is only found in few other reptile species (Perry, 1988).Respiration in Avian ReptilesAvian reptiles, more commonly known as birds, use a lung-air sac respiratory system which allows cross-current flow, where air and blood are flowing in the same direction to one another (Scheid and Piiper, 1972). The avian respiratory system is small and compact and the thin barriers are thought to be advantageous during career but not necessary as the mammalian bat respiratory system is dissimilar but still successful for long migratory flights (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997). Uncinate processes, which alternate depending on the niche of each bird, are fundamental in the avian respiratory system and assist with the movement of the ribs and sternum, allowing for both inspiration and expiration to take place (Codd et al., 2008).The air sacs are used only f or ventilation, with gaseous exchanges taking place as air is passed through the parabronchi, which are thin tubes with openings at each end allowing the uni-directional flow of air, which was found to be unique to avian respiration (Scheid, 1979). The parabronchi are packed into a dense hexagonal array with gas exchange tissue, known as the mantle, surrounding the lumen of each composing a networks of both blood and air capillaries (Brown et al., 1997). The cross-current system found in birds requires these blood and air capillaries to be in close proximity and arranged parallel to one another in order for diffusion to take place with the uni-directional flow being studied and found to be of no additional advantage to this cross-current system (Scheid, 1979).There are a total of two inspiratory and expiratory cycles that must occur for the complete flow of air through the lungs (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997). During the first inspiration air flow is split from the trachea to the caudally grouped air sacs or the dorsobronchi, where it will enter the parabronchi and the gas that remained in the lungs from the previous inspiration is forced cranially (Brown et al., 1997). When the first expiration takes place the air remaining in the caudal air sacs moves through the parabronchi, where gas exchange takes place, and another inspiration forces the air into the cranial air sacs (Brown et al., 1997). To exit the respiratory system, the second expiration forces the air to flow from the cranial air sacs through the ventrobronchi and exits using the trachea (Reece et al., 2015).The trachea involved in avian respiration is made up of complete cartilagenous rings and is found to be around 4.5 times the size of mammalian homologues which allows larger tidal volumes and increased compliance within the system (Reece et al., 2015). There have been no valves discovered in the avian respiratory system and therefore to maintain unidirectional air flow it has been suggested that aerody namics methods, such as jet flow, must be subsisting in the system during inspiration, and increased resistance through the intrapulmonary bronchus is used during expiratory flow (Scheid, 1979).Respiration in MammalsThe respiratory system in mammals is completely separated from the abdominal cavity and the diaphragm and ribs are both crucial in the mechanism of respiration (Keith, 1905). The muscles of the ribs, such as the intercostals, are required for the expansion of the ribcage, which allows the neccesary generating of negative pressure caused by increased the lung volume for aspiration breathing (Perry et al., 2010).The diaphragm is responsible for the keep in line of inspiration as it is able to quail and elongate the thoracic cavity which creates a negative pressure, thus drawing air into the lungs (Loh et al., 1977). The pericardium is closely bound to the lungs and is connected to the central tendon of the diaphragm allowing the vital pairing of both (Keith, 1905). The elevation of the rib cage, which allows further increase in the available volume for external air to enter the lungs, is also under diaphragmattic control (Loh et al., 1977).The mammalian lung is highly complex and involves lots of branching in order to increase surface area from the trachea, which then splits in series into the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and finally the alveoli. There are around 3108 alveolar air sacs which comprise of thin membranes to increase the surface area and allow the ease of diffusion of gases between them and the capillaries (Hoppensteadt and Peskin, 2002). Inspiration and expiration cycling allows the constant renewal of air into and out of the lungs and provides mammalian species with sufficient oxygen to meet the aerobic demands (Weibel, 1984).Respiration in lousesThere is a wide variety of mechanisms adopted by insects for respiration due to the huge variation in available niches. All will utilise a network of air-filled ves sels, which are known as tracheae and tracheoles, and can be as small as 1m in diameter, with most terminating nearby to the mitochondria of cells (Miller, 1966). The tracheal system at rest is filled with fluid which is thought to be actively absorbed by the permeable inner tracheal wall when required for breathing, using active transport or secretion from cells (Wigglesworth, 1953). Experiments have demonstrated that during tracheal compression, which is controlled by an increased pressure inside the exoskeleton, the tracheae observably shrink in diameter to aid in air convection and increased diffusion of oxygen into the tissues due to a high pressure build up (Westneat et al., 2003).Spiracles are required at the external and internal barrier in the tracheael system to allow external air through the skin and previous experiments have found if these are blocked then the insect cannot survive as respiration will cease (Fraenkel and Herford, 1938). Interneurons are essential as they are responsible for the pairing of spiracle movement with ventilation by communicating with the spiracles motor neurones (Miller, 1966). The discontinuous gas exchange cycles present in insects will typically occur in three stages, beginning the closed-spiracle phase where only small amounts of external gas exchange are able to take place (Lighton, 1996). A fluttering-spiracle phase permits oxygen uptake for the diffusion of gases into the tracheael tissues and finally an open-spiracle phase concludes the cycle whilst allowing the release of accumulated carbon dioxide (Lighton, 1996).Ventilation is under endogenously controlled rhythms produced by the central nervous system which allows aerobic respiration rates in flight muscles to be so successful that they can be challenged only by certain species of bacteria (Miller, 1966). During insect respiration air is sucked into the tracheal system by creating negative alterations in internal pressure using the pumping of hemolymph by the heart or the contracting of abdominal muscles, others can include passive diffusion or autoventilation (Westneat et al., 2003).Respiration in CetaceansCetaceans have evolved a much more unusual respiratory system to any terrestrial mammal, as the nasal passageway has moved to a more dorsal position to allow the exclusion of water from the system and ease of breathing as they surface (Thomas and Kastelein, 1991). A nasal plug, made up of nasal plug muscle, connective tissue and adipose tissue, is responsible for the seperation of the internal and external environment and is abjure anteriolaterally for respiration by bilaterally paired nasal plug muscles (Thomas and Kastelein, 1991).The lung size of cetaceans varies depending on the depth of the dives undertaken, due to the variety of pressures causing differing extents of thoracic collapse (Piscitelli et al., 2010). It was found that the lung size will be reduced in cetaceans that undergo deeper dives and there will be an increase i n the thoracic mobility. The lungs of larger whales were found to consume extremely heavy myoelastic bundles in the air sacs and alvolar membranes that were not found in much smaller cetacea (Wislocki, 1942).ConclusionThe evolution of respiratory systems has been an extremely specific process that has showed both gradual, and rapid changes throughout the many lineages of the animal kingdom in order to encorporate universal requirements, as well as accessory breathing mechanisms (Weibel, 1984). Respiration is a vital life process required for survival and it is essential that gas exchange is as efficient as possible in order to allow high oxygen-demanding aerobic activities to take place when necessary (Perry, 1988).Each respiratory system may have a variety of additional mechanisms, uncinate processes, that assist in the breathing mechanics to enable the ease of transporting larger volumes of air within each system (Codd et al., 2008). The pulmonary surfactant system is of great i mportance, as it allows the successful existance of such mechanisms by preventing collapse of respiratory surfaces, as well as aiding them by increasing lung compliance and reducing the resistance to air flow (Daniels and Orgeig, 2003).The evolution of efficient respiratory systems, when paired with other necessary adaptations, has provided a foundation for more complex body systems to develop to allow the economic consumption of previously unexploited resources and niches, thus providing organisms advantages in the animal kingdom (Graham, 1997).BibliographyAhlberg, P.E., Clack, J.A., 2006. Palaeontology A firm step from water to land. Nature 440, 747-749. doi10.1038/440747aAp, S., La, F.-G., 2001. Ventilatory modes and mechanics of the hedgehog skate (Leucoraja erinacea) testing the continuous flow model. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 1577-1587.Brainerd, E.L., 1999. New perspectives on the evolution of lung ventilation mechanisms in vertebrates. 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Nature 440, 757-763. doi10.1038/nature04639Daniels, C.B., Orgeig, S., 2003. Pulmonary Surfactant The Key to th e Evolution of standard atmosphere Breathing. News Phsiology Sci. 18, 151-157.Daniels, C.B., Orgeig, S., Sullivan, L.C., Ling, N., Bennett, M.B., Schrch, S., Val, A.L., Brauner, C.J., 2004. The Origin and Evolution of the Surfactant System in Fish Insights into the Evolution of Lungs and Swim Bladders. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. Ecol. Evol. Approaches 77, 732-749. doi10.1086/422058Evans, D.H., Piermarini, P.M., Choe, K.P., 2005. The Multifunctional Fish Gill Dominant Site of shove off commuting, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste. Physiol. Rev. 85, 97-177. doi10.1152/physrev.00050.2003Feder, M.E., Burggren, W.W., 1985. Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Vertebrates Design, Patterns, Control and Implications. Biol. Rev. 60, 1-45. doi10.1111/j.1469-185X.1985.tb00416.xFraenkel, G., Herford, G.V.B., 1938. The Respiration of Insects Through the Skin. J. Exp. Biol. 15, 266-280.Gans, C., 1970. Respiration in Early Tetrapods-The capture is a Red Herring. Evolut ion 24, 723-734. doi10.2307/2406552Graham, J.B., 1997. Air-Breathing Fishes Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation. Academic Press.Graham, J.B., Lee, H.J., 2004. Breathing Air in Air In What Ways Might Extant amphibious Fish Biology Relate to Prevailing Concepts about Early Tetrapods, the Evolution of Vertebrate Air Breathing, and the Vertebrate Land Transition? Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 77, 720-731. doi10.1086/425184Hoppensteadt, F.C., Peskin, C.S., 2002. Gas Exchange in the Lungs, in Modeling and Simulation in Medicine and the Life Sciences, Texts in Applied Mathematics. Springer New York, pp. 75-108. doi10.1007/978-0-387-21571-6_3Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A., Singh, M.M., 2008. Dissolved Oxygen in Water, in Environmental Chemistry. Springer New York, pp. 16-27. doi10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7_2Jones, R.M., 1982. How toads breathe Control of air flow to and from the lungs by the nares in Bufo marinus. Respir. Physiol. 49, 251-265. doi10.1016 /0034-5687(82)90077-9Keith, A., 1905. The Nature of the Mammalian catch and Pleural Cavities. J. Anat. Physiol. 39, 243-284.Lighton, J.R., 1996. Discontinuous gas exchange in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41, 309-324. doi10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.001521Loh, L., Goldman, M., Davis, J.N., 1977. The assessment of diaphragm function. Medicine (Baltimore) 56, 165-169.Miller, P.L., 1966. The Regulation of Breathing in Insects, in J.W.L. Beament, J.E.T. and V.B.W. (Ed.), Advances in Insect Physiology. Academic Press, pp. 279-354. doi10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60189-7Nielsen, B., 1961. On the Regulation of the Respiration in Reptiles. J. Exp. Biol. 38, 301-314.Parson, E.A., 2003. Protecting the Ozone Layer Science and Strategy. Oxford University Press.Perry, S.F., 1988. Functional Morphology of the Lungs of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus Niloticus Non-Respiratory Parameters. J. Exp. Biol. 134, 99-117.Perry, S.F., Similowski, T., Klein, W., Codd, J.R., 2010. The evolutionary origin of the mamm alian diaphragm. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 171, 1-16. doi10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.004Perry, S.F., Wilson, R.J.A., Straus, C., Harris, M.B., Remmers, J.E., 2001. Which came first, the lung or the breath? Comp

Green Tea Organics PEST, SWOT and Porters Analysis

chiliad tea leaf leaf Organics PEST, SWOT and Porters AnalysisWhen an placement gets prepargond to step into the external mart, it has a as hall of things to do. The term marketing depart almodal revalues be an inevitable term for them whether they are supplying the outputs domestically or internationally. There are umteen differences amid the domestic and international ph wiz line in terms of marketing.Whenever an organization sees itself doing great in the domestic market, it excessively aims to confiscate the international market. But capturing the international market is not an easy thing. It subscribes a lot of research, planning and effort. The man maturers give to do understand all the complexities and diversities of international marketing. After understanding these things, they also need to build up the skills, aptitudes and knowledge so they can achieve their target in the international level.There is a need for voiceless research and information tea clo ckm in the organization to learn around the need of the harvest-festivals in the market and also to learn about how to establish their flaw in that crabbed coun testify for attracting and satisfying the new range of customers. There is a need to perform the PESTLE analysis- political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental analysis. They also need to learn about the strengths, weakness and the opportunities of the organization in that market.As the consumption of tea in Malaysia is increasing day by day and on that point is a growing need for organic tea, unripe teatime Organics extra, a recently formed organization thought of exportation organic tea to Malaysia. This report provide focus on the external environment analysis by Green teatime Organics Limited. It leave alone also try to analyze the strengths, weakness and opportunities and at the determination, this report forget try to design some marketing stpacegies for Green Tea Organics Limited for c oping up with the market.Planning is always defined as a systematic way for relating things to the future. It is essentially an attempt which is taken to man long time the effects of external, uncontrollable factors on the strengths, weaknesses, objectives and the goals of the firms for attaining a desired end. Again, it is held to be a commitment of resources to the market of a pastoral for achieving specific goals. We can also say that, planning is basically the job of making things happen in a synchronized way otherwise things efficiency not occur. (Enderwick, 2009)It can also be related to the formulation of goals and methods for accomplishing them. So, it can be termed as both a process and a philosophy. Structurally, there are three ways to be used to define planning- corporate, strategic and tactical. internationalist corporate planning is defined to be a long-term goal incorporating infer objectives for the organization. The highest level of any organization conducts th is planning. They also carry with the crossing, capital and research.external marketing scheme is the kind of a corporate planning which the highest levels of managers undertake to signal their products in the international market (Cadogan, 2009). For that, they design contrastive market entry strategies along with new marketing mix strategies so the products can catch the means of the market and can also attract the right base of consumers.According to many researches, a cup of tea accommodates less caffeine than coffee. This is the reason wellness conscious consumers are more driven to drink tea. The invention of organic green tea is leading these consumers to prefer tea more than coffee as it has been widely promoted these days and it has also so many positive wellness benefits. (Waranantakul, 2014)There is an increase in the health conscious consumer base in Malaysia for which Green Tea Organics Limited chose it as their market place for organic green tea.International ma rketing is defined as the application of marketing principles by an organization or association in more than one country. There is a much debate between international marketing and global marketing. Coincidentally they both are held to be the same. (Peter and Olson, 2010)Situational analysis is performed to better understand the complexities and advantages in the market for the newly arrived organization. It consists of 5Cs- Company, Competitors, Customers, Collaborators and Climate. (Pandurangarao, 2015)3.1 CompanyGreen Tea Organics Limited started its journey in Assam, India. Domestically, it has a strong market of a 3.5 crores of organic tea consumer base in the all-over India. It has approximately 200 farmers in the different areas of Assam and among them, 120 farmers are certified. Seeing this growth, they privation to export tea now.3.2 CompetitorsGreen Tea Organics as several competitors in Assam, India. But they have been able to differentiate themselves among them because of their quality and price range. Now it wants to capture the market of Malaysia with the same attributes.3.3 CustomersThe growing health conscious consumer base of Malaysia is the main customers of Green Tea Organics Limited. Since they prefer tea to coffee and also want to have it in a low price range, Green Tea Organics has a strong potential to catch the market.3.4 CollaboratorsCollaborators are the agencies or the media who help the organization from the abroad countries in setting up their business in the other country. Green Tea Organics entrust use the indirect channel for the distribution of their products. They will tactual sensation for the third party agencies so they can sell their products in the market for the first few months. The advantage of employ an indirect channel is that it doesnt require sales personnel to be present at the market.3.5 ClimateThe climate for a business means the external environment. Green Tea Organics is present-day(prenominal)ly ready to impudence all the complexities in the Malaysian market.4.1 Mission StatementRight now, Green Tea Organics Limited wants to export their product organic tea to Malaysia to capture this international market with the quality of their product and also the low price range.Basically the roadmap of Green Tea Organics starts with the mission which is held to be enduring. It precise well establishes the purpose and also declares the standard against which it will always weight their actions and decisions. The missions are-To give a refreshing start to the dayTo motivate people with optimism and happinessTo create a valueTo make a difference in the society4.2 ProductGreen Tea Organics Limited wants to introduce their signature product organic green tea in the Malaysian market. There are some very important health benefits in it. There is the presence of polyphenoloxidase in it. According to doctors and researchers, there is an plenteous supply of antioxidants which is said to have the p revention and curing power of more than 14 diseases, such as skin diseases, cancer, cavities, food poisoning, virus and excessive expound etc.4.3 Target MarketThe target market for the organic green tea product of Green Tea Organics is those above of 5 years of age and who are also health conscious. This product can be consumed by any one above 5 years of the age. It will be very helpful for the fat people as it reduces fat and also for those who have diabetic problem as it doesnt contain sugar. So the age range of the customers basically will be from 20 to 75.4.4 Financial AnalysisPrimarily, it will be priced at 5.29 ringgit for 1.5 liter and 2.55 ringgit for 500 mile liter. In this price range, it is fictitious that it will be able to increase the overall sales of the smart set by 40% which will also contribute to the profit maximization of the company. It is also assumed that it will produce a profit of 17% in the beginning of the year and it is assumed that it will increase t o 25% to 30% by the end of the year.Researchers basically use PESTLE- political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental analysis framework to understand the external environment (Waranantakul, 2014). It is said that it helps to understand the macro level factors of the business. This report will use this framework to analyze the external factors that might affect the business of Green Tea Organics in Malaysia.5.1 Political EnvironmentThere are many political elements which have the potential to affect the organic tea product of Green Tea Organics. One of the reasons will be the duty and tax rate in Malaysia. It has the ability to affect the customer spending and also the enterprise expenses in Malaysia. Recently the Malaysia government has brought down the interest level to boost up the economy. There is another variable which is the interest rates. It would have a positive pretend as it will help to bring much investment. Green Tea Organics will be able to bring in investment through loans. Apart from this, currently Malaysia has a very calm political atmosphere which shows the sign of no war and no distressing situation.5.2 Economic EnvironmentThe business of Green Tea Organics will be profoundly affected by the current economic environment of Malaysia. The death year was a difficult year for Malaysia but they were able to close it on a good note. In the last quarter the GDP had recorded the strongest performance. It expanded in a better than expected rate of 4.5 %. Acceleration in the fixed investment and resilient mystical consumption underpinned the robust result. Researchers are saying that ringgit has become weaker and there has been an increase in the oil price which has contributed significantly towards the development. However, they are also saying that the benefit contribution by the external sector got stable as the imports had gained steam. Thats why Green Tea Organics can hope for a better result when establishing their busi ness in Malaysia looking at all these factors.5.3 Social EnvironmentMany social and cultural changes are being seen in Malaysia which can have impact on the consumption of organic green tea. Since there is an increase in the sense of health consciousness among people, they want to consume those foods which have positive health effect on them.One of the very popular domestic tea manufacturers of Malaysia earned a value share of 34% with a sale of MYR90 trillion with the introduction of their new product called Green Tea Latte with instant tea back in August 2016. The company also invented a formula to make jelly by using that green tea latte. They promoted this recipe using Facebook and other social media which earned a lot of attention and popularity. So, they created a social trend of having different foods with the use of green tea. Green Tea Organics Limited has to keep it in mind.5.4 Technological EnvironmentAs there has been an concentrated technological growth in Malaysia, it will help Green Tea Organics Limited to create an online business for their organic green tea product. It is told to be one of the most accepted models of the customers in Malaysia. Consumers prefer the online social networking sites like Facebook, twitter and YouTube to be the most interactive platforms for their communication with the manufacturers and others. Academicians and market researchers proclaim this to be as one of the main ingredients for a successful marketing strategy which allows the customers for finding the best facilities and also for developing effective communication that involve using different apps on their smartphones.5.5 Legal EnvironmentIt is important that Green Tea Organics Limited maintain all the legal procedures while starting their business in Malaysia and exporting the products in here. They will have to maintain the standards that are enforced by the jurisdiction. They will have to maintain the regulations of processing the tea, the packaging, so urcing and manufacturing and distributing it to the market.5.6 Environmental AnalysisThe climate of Malaysia is perfervid throughout the year. The temperature of Malaysia ranges from 20 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius on an average. It has been observed that basically a tropical weather is observed by Malaysia. It is also believed that it is never too hot. Thats why it can work as a positive thing for Green Tea Organics as their organic green tea product will have the need all the year round. If it was too hot, people would have rather gone for cold drinks. So the tropical weather of Malaysia will give a head start to the business of organic green tea.Green Tea Organics Limited is going to establish a premium position for the first time. For their product, the tea leaves are brought from drying. Just after plucking, the fresh tea leaves are steamed. It is said that a dietary source of biologically active compounds is provided by tea. They are assuming to prevent a wide variety of diseases. There is much evidence which say that a moderate level of the consumption of tea will protect against various forms of diseases. Still, to establish a business, Green Tea Organics will have to analyze their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. (Krstic and Becic, 2011)6.1 StrengthsGreen Tea Organics has a strong brand image in Assam, India.They produce good quality products with fresh ingredients.Their products have an affordable price range. They are considered cheaper among all the other competing brands.Their products taste deliciousIt doesnt contain sugarIt will work as a savior of thirstyIn the drinkers, it will have a calming and soothing effect.It bears international standard.6.2 weaknessIt is primarily having a poor advertising strategy.It is a brand-new product in Malaysia.The rate of sensation among the consumers is still pretty low.It has some very strong competitors in the Malaysian Market.It is still having a less promotion.6.3 OpportunitiesG reen Tea Organics Limited can introduce more unique flavor and fragrance in their product. As it doesnt contain any sugar, it will be much valued by the diabetic patients.Other products by the competitors have been introduced a long time ago. The life cycle of their products have been approaching to decline stage. So Green Tea Organics has the opportunity to capture the market.They have the opportunity to increase the promotion and awareness of the product through proper advertising and promotional strategies.6.4 ThreatsBrands like Lipton have established their products a long time ago for which they also have a strong brand image. Their old label is well known to the people of Malaysia. They will approach to their well-known product.As it doesnt contain any sugar. So the consumers may feel bored at a time with the single taste. So if they dont introduce new flavor, they will not be able to retain the market. system is basically defined as the art of coordinating and managing the p rocesses of the organizations, such as human resources, money and material for achieving the profit, company growth and customer satisfaction by following the policy and objectives of the company. So the marketing strategy of an organization is also defined as an implementation process through which the manager will be able to achieve the objectives of the company easily. (Krstic and Becic, 2011)For a marketer, it is hardly possible to satisfy everyone. For every individual, the taste and preference would vary. Everyone wouldnt like the same product or service. Thats why, there is the need to segment the market demographically, psychographic or behaviorally. There is a need to bring difference among the tainters. (Waranantakul, 2014)The market for the organic tea product of Green Tea Organics has been segmented. Since it has aimed to do an online distribution, it then eliminates the geographical barrier. Anyone will be able to order the product through the website of Green Tea Orga nics. Apart from the online consumer base, there will be a consumer base in Malaysia.For any efficient marketer, he will target the market after segmenting the market. For Green Tea Organics, the consumer base consist the age range from 20 to 70. They include the health conscious consumers. The introduction of new beverages has not really been able to affect the consumption of tea of these people. Their main anteriority is their health. For them, maintaining their health by having green tea is a priority. Again Malaysia has a tropical weather which inspires having tea at home rather than going out. (Enderwick, 2009)Green Tea Organics has aimed to position itself by following the premium positioning. So anyone will have an interest to it.7.1 Marketing MixTo ensure a proper marketing strategy, there is a need to device marketing strategies and also integrate the marketing programs properly. So, marketing mix is followed which contains 4P- Product, price, promotion and place.7.1.1 Pro ductGreen Tea Organics Limited will be introducing the very best organic tea product in the market which contains no fertilizer or chemical when growing them. The company will be exporting the tea directly to Malaysia just after deriving it from the garden to protect its originality. Green Tea Organics will be using their own brand name to sell the product. They will be selling it in bottles and tea bags for the convenience of the consumers.7.1.2 PriceThe price range of the organic tea products will be an affordable one. A 35% of the margin will be kept aside for the retailers who buy in a bulk. After the product is delivered, the company will give them a month of bonus period. They will also give a month of credit period to those who will buy in larger quantities.7.1.3 PromotionGreen Tea Organics will be using the line advertisements. They will advertise and promote it by using their universe relation.7.1.4 PlaceGreen Tea Organics will rent a place at first where the products will be stored for distribution. Various kinds of distribution channels will be used to reach the customers. The product will have its availability at various super markets. It can also be found in the shops in the neighborhood.Apart from all these, Green Tea Organics will have its own website for carrying out their online transaction.Thus Green Tea Organics Limited will be following the marketing mix strategy of 4P to market their product.For any organization, it is difficult to capture the essence of the international market at first. It requires a great deal of research, analysis and effective decision making process to give a head start to the business. For any business in the international market, there will be strong competitors. To differentiate the business from them, there is a need to develop the kind of a marketing strategy that will promote the product and the organization to the consumers literally in a different way. This report has tried to develop the strategy by analyzi ng all the issues of the international market. Now Green Tea Organics Limited will be following all these strategies to capture the market of Malaysia with their organic tea products.ReferencesAbdullah Saif, N. (2015). How does Marketing Strategy Influence Firm Performance? performance of Marketing Strategy for Firm Success. International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development, 1(3), pp.7-15.Cadogan, J. (2009). Marketing strategy. 1st ed. Los Angeles etc. SAGE.Chimngamsert, C., Jhundra-indra, P. and Raksong, S. (2014). BUILDING SUSTAINABLE MARKETING SUCCESS THROUGH social MARKETING STRATEGY. International Journal of Business Strategy, 14(3), pp.39-58.Enderwick, P. (2009). Large emerging markets (LEMs) and international strategy. International Marketing Review, 26(1), pp.7-16.Krstic, I. and Becic, S. (2011). Implementation of marketing strategy Factor of competitive advantage. Marketing, 42(2), pp.118-126.Pandurangarao, D. (2015). http//researchleap.com/how-does-marketing-s trategy-influence-firm-performance-implementation-of-marketing-strategy-for-firm-success/. International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development, 1(3), pp.16-22.Pandurangarao, D. (2015). http//researchleap.com/how-does-marketing-strategy-influence-firm-performance-implementation-of-marketing-strategy-for-firm-success/. International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development, 1(3), pp.16-22.Peter, J. and Olson, J. (2010). Consumer behavior marketing strategy. 1st ed. New York McGraw-Hill Irwin.Slater, S., Hult, G. and Olson, E. (2010). Factors influencing the relative importance of marketing strategy creativity and marketing strategy implementation effectiveness. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(4), pp.551-559.Special issue on International marketing theory, strategy and implementation insights from Latin America. (2010). International Marketing Review, 27(6).Waranantakul, W. (2014). MARKETING STRATEGY COMPREHENSIVENESS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MARKE TING STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION EFFECTIVENESS. Journal of International Management Studies, 14(3), pp.43-50.

America and Multilateralism: A History

the States and Multilateralism A HistoryPerhaps it is unspoiled to mistrust from the genuinely beginning that there does not appear to be a country in the macrocosm that is not bear upon or has not been affected in peerless way or the anformer(a)(prenominal) by the United States of the States. Short of this, there most certainly does not remain in public a country, people or society which has no association, yet limited, of the United States of the States. No single day passes without the the Statesn power being addressed or diagnosed in one capacity or the other by the global media. Over time, scarcely in loticular, in to a greater extent recent times, no other countrys policy-making, domestic, economic defence or capabilities and abilities have been more studied or discussed than the extent at which the States has been. In actual circumstance, it is safe to surmise that very few political issues today provoke such strong and divers(prenominal) responses as the role of the United States of America in its fire to re-shape human race affairs.1 The recent terrorist attack on America of grave consequences, its reaction to it and the struggles in Afghanistan as well as Iraq have intensified the debate somewhat the nature and prospects of American crack power. on that point dust a school of panorama that continues to celebrate the United States achievements in proclaiming as well as treat liberty, democracy and change stateity to every corner of the origi dry land. Others atomic number 18 more inclined towards condem province of Americas pursuit of hegemonic status and its attempt to impose a single economic brass and a narrow set of moral belief on other nations around the world. Whichever school of thought one belongs to re Americas perfor soldieryce on the world(prenominal) podium, most have arrived at the conclusion that the history of the twenty-first century go forth be immovable to a large extent by the way American power is u sed, and by the way in which other study political players on the international front react to it. The nation has often been referred to as an imperial, an empire or hegemony. Most people still continue to perceive America as that elected land of roses where anything can happen. Some still believe in, especially those outside the shores of the country and straining to one day be admitted into the great country, what they yell the American Dream. It is sup constitutely a country where anything is possible. Often times however, America is no longer beheld with rose tinted spectacles. Given its recent history world oer, this is hardly a surprise of any significance. The word which beat out comes to chief when America, that great nation is under discussion as it constantly is for diverse reasons, is hegemony. What, it might be useful to enquire at this juncture, is hegemony? In lay mans terms, hegemony, succinctly put, is leadership by predominance (some might still think aggress ion) of smaller and weaker states or nations by naturally bigger nations in an effort to achieve world domination. Does America therefore stand rightly incriminate of attempting to dominate the world through its conceptualisation of global politics, foreign policies and armed forces, or at least to dominate those nations which ar considered smaller and weaker? It is common k instanterledge that while some countries practice communism or socialism, America was and remains a capitalist country where the motto right after In idol We Trust is a universally accepted but unspoken survival of the fittest. In the introductory words of G. John Ikenberry in his book America matchless(prenominal), The pr-eminence of American power today is unprecedented in modern history. No other great power has enjoyed such formidable advantages in soldiers, economic, technological, cultural or political capabilities. We live in a one- A-one power world, and there is no serious competition in sight2The se words immediately bring to mind perhaps the most controversial wars of all times and Americas gargantuan contribution or one might even dare say blatant single minded orchestration of the same, the Iraqi invasion (and on-going war till date) in 2003. It is worth reminiscing at this juncture how the world watched and waited with bated breathing time while the United provinces deliberated on whether or not the United States should be granted the authorisation to invade Iraq based on its reports about the so-called axis of evil and the weapons of mass destruction they supposedly had in the making which it further claimed posed un-foretold threats to the international world. It is to that degree another point in favour of the job that America is fast becoming or thusly has all but attained the status of an hegemonic state that President George W. Bush announced to the world that unheeding of the UNs decision and that of its Member States, America allow for forge ahead in war against Iraq and Afghanistan, alone if they had to. In his exact words, when it comes to our security, we really do not need anyones permission3 It was later argued that it would appear that even the United Nations, a so-called world moderator and international emblem of peace, is nothing but yet another tool in Americas already brimming tool box. Although at the time, this announcement from the Bush Administration sounded as arrogant and supra the law as it really was, there were umpteen who felt America would be justified in its decision in the wake of the September 11 attack. September 11 2001 (hereafter referred to as 9/11) brought about the turning point in history, international law and the use of force against terrorism. The words of an American man considered very patriotic indeed comes to mind at this controversial stance of George W. Bush re brushing off the worlds intuitive feeling and/ acclaim to its use of force in the name of fighting terrorism. The man, none other t han Richard Holbrooke, former United States ambassador to the United Nations, who once stated after prudent observation, one should imagine, that the Bush administration threatens to make a radical break with 55 years of a bipartisan tradition that sought international agreements and regimes of get ahead to us4 Many years, loss of lives both civilian and military, reports of horrible treatments meted out to prisoners of war (PWO) by the American soldiers against every rule of Humanitarian Law and the geneva radiation pattern, Americas refusal to withdraw its troops even after the fall of Saddam Hussein (its greatest enemy) the question on everyones lips is whether the war was indeed for all the altruistic reasons quoted by America in its rather fabricated reports or for more reasons closer to home. The question can even be posed all the way back to carrying out Desert Storm in the same Iraq in 1993. Did America invade Iraq on both occasions for economic gain and ultimately to pl ace itself as the worlds super power. Although it appears now to the world that the Bush administration is the one responsible for dramatically tipple America away from multilateralism, a look back into the Clinton administration will confirm that this is not remotely true. Under the Clinton administration, America neither waited for the United Nations approval/authorisation before deploying the North Atlantic Treaty Operation (NATO) to Serbia in 1999 nor prior to its bomb attack on Iraq in 1998. There were withal other Conventions, Acts and Treaties America rather conspicuously refrained from signing or ratifying such as the banning of further use of Land Mines (the Ottawa Convention of 1997). The difference perhaps would be where the Clinton administration adopted diplomacy in its delivery of such unilateral decisions the Bush administration simply forges ahead with no regard for the worlds opinion, approval or in most cases disapproval.In the era immediately after the knowledg e domain War (II), Americas strength was not only viewed during the war with the deployment of its armed forces, which later formed an alliance with the United Kingdom amongst others (the allied forces) but also after the war in its attempt to rebuild Germany as well as other war torn countries in the war aftermath. In this, America had strategised and was apparently prospered in ensuring that the world did not revert to its closed regional dealings of the 1930s prior to the war. The founding of the United Nations on 24 October 1945 also see to it that the beginning of what is now known as globalisation was established. A post war era of multilateral character and significance was thus built around economic and security agreements such as the Bretton Woods Agreement on monetary as well as trade relations among nations. The American-led NATO security conformity followed much later. This international order which came into existence after the war (World War II) was effectively one w hich was multilateral in character. A more open system of trade and investments began to emerge, largely encouraged by America. Economic and security matters as well as political relations became indistinguishable and indivisible among nations in what is best described as an open world market or globalisation. This is evident in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as well as the Bretton Woods agreement earlier mentioned. An alliance tie emerged between the United States and the Great Britain in particular and the European continent in planetary in a scenario one could simply put in lay mans terms rub my back and I will rub yours. Americas economic as well as security assistance to the Asian region is also worth mentioning. America ensured and continues so to do, that weaker and smaller states are afforded security assistance, protection and granted access to its markets, technology and country in general. In the wake of Americas Green Card Lottery scheme, the stand o ut and admiration of other smaller states for which the scheme was intended and who continues to benefit from the same was firmly secured. In a similar vein after the world war, citizens of many nations flocked in their thousands to America from world over and started life over again after the war. In what is not unlike the stone age trade by barter arrangement, the participating states in turn continue to ensure that political stability is maintained in their relationship with the United States, making available to America their diplomatic, economic and logistical support in return. For instance, America has training grounds in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, perhaps as a lasting result of Operation Desert Storm.Going back in history however, it remains indelible that there were 5 world super powers including America itself. How then can Ikenberry imagine that America has no competition in sight in its steady climb to the top in the international hemisphere? Who were the other four super powers and what became of them? The five major contenders when the United Nations was founded in 1945 were Russia, Great Britain, China, and France. It is accurate to say that the cold war put paid to Russias contention with America. The Great Britain, as exhibited more recently under the Tony Blair administration is more or less a lap-dog to Americans policies and remains a rather very sociable ally than a potential contender. Yet it will be nothing short of fallacious argument to say that America has no contender or is without competition in one form or the other. Worth remembering as well is Germany and Frances initial reluctance as well as refusal to throw their weight behind the Iraqi invasion in 2003. Americas hegemonic state is therefore not without challenges as well as challengers, it is however the multifaceted character of Americas power that makes the country so far reaching, daunting, provocative and formidable to less equipped and smaller countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the tatty War saw an acute decline in rival ideologies and even tighter alliances formed between the United States and other regions. pastime the Cold War, America continued to grow from strength to strength. In the 1990s its economy was commendably and successfully looseningructured. Also maturation in significant progression alongside its economy is its armed forces and global recognition as a state to reckon with. By the turn of the millennium, Americas economic and military harvest-feast had wedged a seemingly insurmountable gulf between itself and other major players in world politics. While the late 90s saw Japans economy grow by 9 per cent, the European Union altogether by 15 per cent, American economy grew by a significant 27 per cent, nearly doubling and tripling that of the other regions.5 This did not go unnoticed by the rest of the world. In fact literally doffing his hat to the United States in a speech in Paris (1999), the French Foreign Minis ter, Hubert Vedrine, observed that the growth witnessed by the world in America is not comparable in terms of power and influence to anything known in modern history6Americas devotion to its armed forces can by no operator be ignored. America boasts an army that is better equipped and out numbers the armed troops of well over 14 countries put together. There are training grounds for the United States army in well over 40 locations world wide. This automatically means that when another weaker or slightly less advantageous state envisages itself in trouble, the first point of call for protection and assistance, when and if necessary is the United States of America. In its usual confidential, bordering on arrogant manner Americas National Security system declared to the world that their forces will be strong large to dissuade potential adversaries/would-be challengers from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or even remotely equalling, the power of the United States .7 It is not impossible or even unthinkable for America to utilise its military capacity to impose its policies on other states in different regions of the world. It has been observed already that America spends on its armed forces more than the next fourteen countries combine and that the U.S. military expenditures will shortly be equal to the rest of the world combined.8 Another scholar of repute, Paul Kennedy, also surmised that it is already the case that all the other navies in the world combined could not dent American maritime supremacy.9 Still on the issue of security, expressing his own opinion and an opinion apparently divided up by many others world over, Barry Possen has suggested that the United States command of the sea, space, and air forces is the key military enabler of the U.S. global power position.10 Assuming its economic growth remains as healthy as it has been since the 90s, the concentration of world military power may continue for several decades yet. Even a t the current level of U.S. capabilities, it is the general view that the United States can shoulder the burden of maintaining global security without much help from Europe or the rest of the world for that matter.11It begins to appear provable that perhaps Americas initial support for multilateralism in international trade and globalisation was borne of a grander strategic move to acquire and retain more power while legitimately promoting international reliance of one state on the other, one region on others for support, growth and assistance. A quick glimpse at major historical turning points such as 1919, the end of World War II in 1945 and the period immediately after the Cold War all but confirms this logic. It would appear that America promoted multilateralism in such a strategic way so as to signal restraint and consignment from other states.12 This precipitated the acquisition of support, if not actual trust, acquiescence and cooperation of other weaker states. But surely when one country is placed so much higher than others in the case of all animals are equal but some more than others, there naturally arises the problem of balance of power or even comparability before the law. What the majority of member states may attempt with the United Nations and come out facing adverse repercussions for is the same thing the United States will not only attempt but carry out and come out smelling of roses. For the sake of this discussion, should one be given to a flight of envisage however fleetingly and imagine or a moment that a member state such as Ghana or Nigeria threatens the use of force against Cameroon and declares to the world that the same will be effected whether or not the United Nations and indeed the world approves of its actions. At the very least, economic sanctions will immediately be placed on such a country. However in the name and under the umbrella of 9/11 it would appear that America is permitted to do and divulge whatever catches its fancy and of course promotes its economic as well as military growth. How else can one begin to explain the issue of thousands held prisoner at the US military operated prison and indeed a recreation of Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay, for years with neither charges nor trial in the name of fighting terrorism? America claims not to have jurisdiction in Cuba to try these prisoners yet it has the power and the authority to imprison them in Guantanamo Bay. What, one is right to ask, happened to the universal (at least in democratic states) writ of habeas corpus? Another example of Americas marked shift from multilateralism to unilateralism and establishing itself as a super power above the rest of the world is again glimpsed shortly after the controversial invasion of Iraq in 2003, when America was quick to submit allegations against North Korea as well as Iran for also becoming threats to the international community as they were manufacturing nuclear weapons. In an ironical twist however, in 1998, Japan, perhaps once one of Americas ambient allies, was reportedly furious with America when its officials unilaterally decided that funding for North Korean Nuclear reactors was to continue despite Japans complaints that North Korea was loss missile over its territory.13What then can possibly put an end to Americas domination of the international stage and its rise towards a super power of hegemonic characteristics? It has been established that the two most important factors in the growth of any nation its economy and defence, remain the two areas where America continues to excel and prosper rendering it even more of a force to reckon with by other nations of the world. Is it then any wonder that many are of the school of thought that it is only a matter of time before America seeks to completely dominate the world and by so doing, simply crush out weaker states of the world. It is enough to alert the world that more than any other administration before it, the Bush admi nistration is significantly exiting from materialism especially on agreements dealing with weaponry control and proliferation. Multilateralism, as Ikenberrys book posed the debate, does indeed seem to be on the decline in Americas policy and political stance. It has become to America a selective game where multilateralism is embraced when it adds to the muscles in its already bulky biceps and unilateralism at every other turn. As America continues to systematically depart from multilateralism and promote more unilateralism in its foreign policies and decisions on security affairs affecting not only its boundaries (assuming such a word as margin exists in the American dictionary) but also spread ashore to other nations of the world, the world may very well be moving rather chop-chop towards the final unravelling of America as a hegemonic nation. What and who in the world can then possibly challenge Americas hegemony? Surely it would take a large scale war or a crucial global econo mic crisis to challenge or even come close to threatening Americas hegemony. While this might be very well put and even precise in theory, surely either option will unquestionably have grave repercussions on the international community.However, Ikenberry argues in his book, America unmatchable, that there are limits to the United States hegemony such as it stands at the moment. He is of the opinion that a complete hegemonic order would require not just preponderant capabilities but also some significant degree of acquiescence on the part of other states, especially the other major players in world politics for the maintenance of such order. Following the Cold war, America acquired the support and cooperation of one of the major players in that region, Japan. Japan was once Americas closest ally as a result of this, however even Japan is becoming resentful, as presumably are the rest of the world, at Americas increased unilateralism (as in the North Korean case mentioned above) and the selective choice of multilateralism only when it favours the nation in one form of economic or security purpose or the other. It is therefore not impossible that other major players in the world, on examining their alternatives on how to best rid America of its hegemonic status and by so doing release the unsuspecting world from American domination, may very well challenge its hegemonic position. Capitalising on the regional and international relationships once promoted by America, the other major super powers in the Asian Region and the European Union could orchestrate an over throw of Americas position as an hegemonic state or at the very least challenge the same. Not ignoring the power and importance of smaller or weaker states however, they would quite naturally also have to be involved. This however would be an all scale war, the magnitude, repercussion and significance of which will tremble the world perhaps more than every previous wars put together Any would-be hegemoni c challenger would most naturally have already arrived at the very same conclusion. Apart from the fact that every single one of these would-be challengers rely on the United States for one aspect of its sustenance or the other, it would take a lot of consideration, meetings, strategising and concrete persuasion to convince every member state of the necessity of such a global war. With its present and ever growing resources both at home and abroad, it is therefore only a matter of time before America, at whom the war is intended, becomes aware of the plans and builds up enough or adequate defence against the same. While it is not impossible that several nations of the world may come together and challenge Americas build up to hegemony, to say that the world may never recover from such a large scale war may perhaps be the understatement of the existence of mankind. In a brief state of fantasy, were one to assume that this large scale war does take place and does remove America from t he pinnacle of power it before long occupies, there is no telling how many decades or even centuries it would take to rebuild a world of international trade and globalisation. Another danger in that is another country seizing the opportunity and rising very rapidly to the throne of hegemony, in this instance however, a country not so democratically inclined as America, for instance, China. The world as we know it now may cease to exist as a result of such a war. It is now 2008 yet traces of the Second World War still remain evident in some areas in the Eastern part of Germany as one imagines it does in other affected parts of the world. If the argument here is then that a full blown war against Americas hegemony may do the world greater harm than good, what then can possibly stop Americas climb to the top of the world?As mentioned earlier, the strength of any nation lies in its economic as well as military growth. One, quite naturally, is not devoid of the other however as training camps, gears and facilities will be difficult to procure without a booming economy. Should the world then experience a global economic crisis, the like of which it is yet to ever experience, perhaps this will in a way also bring America to the same level as other countries or at least less controlling? In this present day, at least the European Union and America are experiencing an economic crisis that has been likened to the worst in many decades till date. The Great Britains Royal Bank of Scotland recently announced that the country is indeed in recession. China and Japan have also reported major decline in sales and poor performances on their Wall Street equivalent. Japan has actually announced to the world, like Great Britain, that it is indeed in the middle of a impassioned recession. While this economic crisis may very well be unpleasant and indeed wrecking a lot of harm on the economy of the countries involved, it will take much more than this to cripple America or to redu ce its hegemonic status. Even at this point in time, the US Dollar continues to rise against the British Pound and the Euro. Should the world experience an economic crisis of such negative significance that all the major states as well as even the ones considered smaller and weaker are effectively affected, Americas hegemony, in my humble opinion, will most certainly be thoroughly challenged. This will be brought about by the fact that the international community in a bid to survive and revert to some semblance of normality will be forced to depend one on the other for that means to survival, America included. Such a scenario will almost take the world back in history to the early days when the advantages of globalisation and inter dependence of nations on one another was first discovered. Such an economic crisis will render it almost impossible for states to continue to tighten on military training and equipments. One should imagine that nations will be more concerned with the im mediate welfare of their people such as housing, checkup care and social services as undoubtedly unemployment will rise astronomically in the face of an economic crisis of any significant magnitude.From everything hereinabove appearing and the interrogatory of different (learned) opinions as well as scenarios, it is therefore perhaps appropriate to conclude by agreeing with the debate that should a full blown war score by would-be challengers of Americas hegemonic state fail, surely an economic crisis of significant global scale will not only challenge but also probably, however temporarily, bring an end to Americas hegemony. America will be forced to revert to the multilateralism way of international politics and to deliver unilateralism in a bid to promote globalisation and a closer knit international community.BibliographyJohn, G. Ikenberry, America Unrivalled The Future of the Balance of Power (Cornell University Press, 2002)John, Ikenberry, Is American Multilateralism in De cline? Perspectives on Politics 13 (2003)Hegemony or Empire The Redefinition of US Power under George W. Bush, Edited by Charles-Philippe David and David Grondin (2006)Richard Little, Michael Smith, Perspectives on World PoliticsIkenberry, G. John, Liberalism and Empire Logics of Order In The American Unipolar Age, Review of International Studies (2004)Stephen M. Walt, Keeping the World Off-Balance Self-Restraint and U.S. Foreign Policy, in Ikenberry, America Unrivalled, pp. 121-154.Charles A. Kupchan, Hollow Hegemony or Stable Multipolarity?, in G. John Ikenberry (ed.), America Unrivalled The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 72. According to Kupchan, the European Union is emerge as the main competitor of the United States in a future multipolar international system.Whither American Power? David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi Published in American Power in the Twentieth-First Century, edited by David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi , Cambridge Polity Press, 2004.Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 1987Footnotes1 David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, Whither American Power? In American Power in the Twentieth-First Century2 G. John, Ikenberry America Unrivalled Pp 13 Quoted in Balz 2003, A14 Purdum 2002., 15 Ikenberry6 Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, NATO at 50 With Nations at Odds, Is It A Misalliance? New York Times 2, 19997 President of the United States, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington D.C. White House, September 2002), p. 30.8 G. John Ikenberry9 Paul Kennedy, The Greatest Superpower Ever, New Perspectives Quarterly, 19 (2002).10 Barry R. Posen, Command of the Commons The Military invertebrate foot of U.S. Hegemony, International Security, 28 (2003), pp. 5-46, p. 8.11 On the durability of U.S. supremacy see William C. Wohlforth, The Stability of a Unipolar World, International Security, 24 (1999), pp. 541.12 Argument was true by Ikenberry 200113 Ma rshall and Mann, Goodwill Towards the United States is Dwindling Globally

Treatise for the Christian Soldier in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay

Miltons Treatise for the Christian Soldier in Paradise Lost While the state of war in Heaven, presented in Book VI of John Miltons Paradise Lost, operates as a refutation of the concept of glory associated with the epic tradition, the episode also serves a major theological purpose. It provides nothing less than a perfect cause of how the Christian soldier should act obediently in combating evil, guarding against temptation, and remaining ever on the watch against the forces of darkness. It also offers the ultimate hope that Satan can be thwarted and comforts Christians in the knowledge that Satan cannot be victorious. At the same time, the example warns against the pretensions that Christians might have about being able to overcome Satan by themselves. Christians are reminded that the victory can only be won by the son of God at best, they can only confirm their allegiance and obedience to God through their service. Throughout the poem Milton has tried to show dickens definit ions of glory. The first lies in the assumption that war can bring glory to those who perform heroic deeds in its service. This is the view Satan holds, and is evidenced in his words to Abdiel, But well thou comst / Before thy fellows, ambitious to win / From me some plume (vi, 159-161). The second defines glory not as something won, but something given. The Son affirms this definition when he explains to the loyal angels why he alone must end the war against me is all their rage, / Because the Father, to whom in Heaven supreme / Kingdom and proponent and glory appertains, / Hath honored me, according to his will (vi, 813-816). James Holly Hanford perhaps best describes the conflicted feelings Milton had for war War, then constituted for Milt... ...ons example and by Miltons manipulation of the elements of the epic tradition. For Milton, putt down the epic tradition in favor of Christian doctrine exemplifies his thoughts on war. As a realistic pacifist, Milton saw war as the publ ication of sin, but knew that because of the presence of sin in a post-lapsarian world, war on earth would only be ended by the Son, just as he ended it in Heaven. Works Cited Fish, Stanley Eugene. Surprised by Sin The Reader in Paradise Lost. New York St. Martins Press, 1967. Hanford, James Holly. Milton and the Art of War. John Milton, Poet and Humanist essays by James Holly Hanford. Cleveland Press of Western Reserve U, 1966. 185-223. Revard, Stella Purce. The War in Heaven. Ithaca and London Cornell University Press, 1980. Rosenburg, D. M. Epic Warfare in Cowley and Milton. CLIO 22.1 (1992) 67-80.

Angelas Ashes :: essays research papers

Angelas Ashes, by Frank McCourt is a genuine muniment that vividly tells the story of a young, Irish Catholic boy during the 1930s and early 1940s. Franks memory of his impoverished childhood is difficult to accept, however, he injects a sense of devilish humor into his biography. He creates a story where the readers watch him grow beyond all odds and live through the teetotum of the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. People everywhere brag and yaup about the woes of their early years, but nothing can compare with the Irish form the poverty, the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father the pious defeated get moaning by the fire pompous priests bullying schoolmasters the side of meat and the terrible things they did to us for octonary hundred long years(McCourt 11). His interaction with his family proves that despite the hunger and pain, pick out and strength come out of misery. Although the book tells the experience of an individual, the story itself is universal.Born in Broo klyn in 1930 to recent Irish immigrants Malachy and Angela McCourt, Frank grew up in Limerick subsequently his parents returned to Ireland because of poor prospects in America. Due to the Great Depression, Malachy could not find work in America. However, things did not get any better back in Ireland for Malachy. A chronically unemployed and nearly unemployable alcoholic, he appears to be the model on which many of our more insulting cliches about drunken Irish mankind are based. Week after week, Angela would be office expecting her husband to come home with money to eat, but Malachy always spent his wages on pints at local pubs. Franks father would come home late at night and make his sons get out of bed and sing nationalistic songs about Ireland by Roddy McCorley and Kevin Barry, who were hung for their country. Frank loved his father and got an empty feeling in his heart when he knew his father was out of work again. Frank describe his father as the Holy Trinity because there is three people in him, The one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and prayers, and thusly the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to run down for Ireland (McCourt 210). Even when there was a war going on and English agents were recruiting Irishmen to work in their munitions factories, Malachy could not keep a job when he traveled to England.Angelas Ashes essays research papers Angelas Ashes, by Frank McCourt is a genuine memoir that vividly tells the story of a young, Irish Catholic boy during the 1930s and early 1940s. Franks memory of his impoverished childhood is difficult to accept, however, he injects a sense of devilish humor into his biography. He creates a story where the readers watch him grow beyond all odds and live through the pinnacle of the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. People everywhere brag and whimper about the woes of their early years, but nothing can compare with the Irish ver sion the poverty, the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father the pious defeated mother moaning by the fire pompous priests bullying schoolmasters the English and the terrible things they did to us for eight hundred long years(McCourt 11). His interaction with his family proves that despite the hunger and pain, love and strength come out of misery. Although the book tells the experience of an individual, the story itself is universal.Born in Brooklyn in 1930 to recent Irish immigrants Malachy and Angela McCourt, Frank grew up in Limerick after his parents returned to Ireland because of poor prospects in America. Due to the Great Depression, Malachy could not find work in America. However, things did not get any better back in Ireland for Malachy. A chronically unemployed and nearly unemployable alcoholic, he appears to be the model on which many of our more insulting cliches about drunken Irish manhood are based. Week after week, Angela would be home expecting her husband to come home with money to eat, but Malachy always spent his wages on pints at local pubs. Franks father would come home late at night and make his sons get out of bed and sing patriotic songs about Ireland by Roddy McCorley and Kevin Barry, who were hung for their country. Frank loved his father and got an empty feeling in his heart when he knew his father was out of work again. Frank described his father as the Holy Trinity because there is three people in him, The one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and prayers, and then the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to die for Ireland (McCourt 210). Even when there was a war going on and English agents were recruiting Irishmen to work in their munitions factories, Malachy could not keep a job when he traveled to England.

Gun Control Essay -- Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Gun Control in the United StatesNews is all told around us and is readily available to everyone. There are many flaws in the system that hurts the authenticity of the news when you see it. The media is indirectly part of the policy-making system. Most news is either considered liberal or conservative by many.The media is often considered to be biased. The reason for this is because they do not act neutral on the things that they report on. They usually give their point of view and tend to warp the information so its easily digestible by the average person. This quality of nugget feeding, can influence the judgment of some one who has no idea what is going on. The media tends to sensationalize the news by making it seem dramatic, and compelling. This hooks the viewer, and keeps them tuned in. The purpose of this is for ratings, and about importantly money. The media has become less professional, and their morality has gone down hill. The editors/gatekeepers decide what informatio n is sent out for the public to see, and hear. This is another way that the news is wrought for our viewing pleasure.The news media rejects the fact that they are biased. They claim that they are the middle of the road, and are neutral on the stories that they cover. Publishers also claim that they are the watchdog for the policy-making system, and they make sure that the system is free of any corruption, or wrongdoing. Th...